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191 Cards in this Set

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What is imperialism?
The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of the nation
In the 18th and 19th centuries European nations extended their power and control in...
Asia, India, and Africa
Colonialism: 15-17th century
Imperialism: 18 and 19th century
Colonialism: Mostly trading posts, coastal areas, and missionary work
Imperialism: More/Greater domination or total domination/control of vast territories (inland as well as coastal)
Colonialism: Asia, Americas
Imperialism: Asia, Africa
Imperial Motives:
Economic, Political (military), Religious, Exploratory, Idealogical
Economic Motives
-raw materials (rubber, coal, oil, iron)
-cheap or free slave labor to extract these materials
-profits from investments (trasportation, banking)
-revenues from imposing taxes
-trade: market/consumers for goods produced in Europe
Political Motives (military)
-Compete with and outdo other nations for influence, territory, prestige, acquiring "great-nation" status, boosting national pride
-create military bases as foundation for further expansion
Religious Motives
-Desire by church and state to spread Christian religion, send missionaries/build missions, to convert pagans/heathens to Christianity
Exploratory Motives
-Desire by some to explore "unknown" or uncharted territory, go on adventures, to be the first to discover new places/sites (Livingston searched for the source of the Nile), to conduct scientific research, find causes and treatments of disease
Ideological Motives
-desire to spread European cultural values to barbaric/uncivilized races: based on views or superiority (racism) of white Europeans
-These views were expressed in The White Man's Burden, Paternalism, Assimilation, Social Darwinism
What technological advances made possible the age of exploration?
-designing a new vessel, the caravel, which was sturdier and had triangular sails to cut through the wind more easily
-astrolabe
-sextant
What were some immediate and some long-term outcomes of Columbus's voyage?
Long-term: Opened the way for European colonization of the Americas
Immediate: Increased tensions between Spain and Portugal
Marco Polo
Italian trader who reached the court of Kublai Khan in 1275
Bartolomeau Dias
Portuguese explorer who was blown around the southern tip of Africa and explored the southeast coast, then returned home
Prince Henry
Called the Navigator, opened a navigation school on southwestern coast of Portugal
Vasco da Gama
Rounded the tip of Africa and reached Calicut on the Southwestern coast of India
Columbus
Italian sea captain who tried to find a route to Asia by sailing west across Atlantic Ocean. He was interested in gold and staked his claim on Carribean islands. He later commanded 17 ships and brought 1000 settlers to the Carribean.
Pope Alexander VI
Suggested a line running North to South through the Atlantic Ocean. Lands west of the line would belong to Spain, lands east would belong to Portugal. The line, known as the Line of Demarcation, was later moved to include parts of Brazil for the Portuguese. He conducted the Treaty of Tordesillas, where Spain and Portugal agreed to honor the Line of Demarcation.
Magellan
Led Spanish expedition to the Philippines in 1521. They clamed the islands and began settling them in 1565
Cabral
Reached modern-day Brazil and claimed it for Portugal (1500)
Vespucci
Amerigo Vespucci, Italian who claimed that the new land was not part of Asia, the continent was named America in his honor
Magellan
Sailed around southern end of South America and into the Pacific. He was killed in the Philippines. 18 men and one ship out of 230 men and 5 ships survived as the first people to circumnavigate the world
de Balboa
First European to see the Pacific Ocean, he marched through modern-day Panama to do so
Cortes
Spaniard who landed in Mexico. Cortes and 600 men reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. Montezuma, the king, was convinced that Cortes was a god. He gave Cortes gold, but the conquistador was not satisfied and forced the Aztecs to mine for more gold and silver. The Aztecs rebelled and drove the Spaniards out of the city. However, Cortes struck back and conquered the Aztecs. He was at an advantage because the Spaniards had allied themselves with Aztec enemies, they had superior arms, and diseases had killed a signifigant amount of Aztecs. Malinche acted as a go-between for Cortes and other South American tribes
Pizarro
Conquered the Inca Empire with 600 men against 30000. He took the king hostage, and the king offered him gold and silver for his realease but after he received the gold he killed the king and marched on the capital, Cuzco, where he encountered no resistance.
De Leon
Claimed modern-day Florida for Spain
De Coronado
Spanish who led expedition through present day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, but found little gold. He left missionaries behind
De Peralta
Governer of New Mexico who led settlers to a tributary on the upper Rio Grande and built Santa Fe
De las Casas
Dominican monk who wrote against the encomienda system.
Pope
Led rebellion of the Pueblos against Spain
What was the encomienda system?
A labor system where many native laborers farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords, who had the rights to these natives' labor. They were often abused or worked to death, especially in dangerous mines
Conquistadores
conquerers in South/Central America
How many Africans, mostly prisoners of war and criminals, were transported to Muslim lands of Southwest Asia, primarily used as domestic servants?
4.8 million
Why did Europeans and colonists use Africans instead of Indians?
European owners had planned to use Native Americans, but millions died from disease and warfare. They turned to Africa for workers. As mainland America was colonized, more and more Africans were imported and enslaved. They were valuable because they were immune to European disease, having been exposed to it already. They had knowledge of crops, and little knowledge of the land and no familiar tribes in which to hide. Thus, they were less likely to escape, added to the fact that they were easily identifiable by their skin color.
How did Portuguese settlement of Brazil cause slavery?
Brazil dominated the sugar market. As its industry grew, so did the demand for slaves. During the 17th century, 40% of slaves went to Brazil. By the end of the slave trade, Brazil had received 3.6 million Africans
How did African rulers contribute to slavery?
They saw no difference in selling Africans as slaves to Muslims and other rulers (as they have always done) and selling Africans to Westerners.
How did African merchants contribute to slavery?
They helped to capture Africans to be enslaved. They delivered them to the Europeans in exchange for gold, guns, and other goods.
How where African societies affected by slavery?
Young men were taken, families were torn apart, and the guns received spread warfare and conflict throughout Africa.
How were enslaved Africans treated?
They were sold to the highest bidder, and they worked in mines, fields, or as domestic servants. They had little food, inadequate shelter, long days, and slavery was both lifelong and hereditary.
How were American colonies affected by slavery?
The economic and cultural development of the Americas increased greatly through African labor. They also contributed their expertise in agriculture.
How is present-day culture reflect slavery?
The slaves' art, music, and good influence many American societies.
Peninsulares
-top of the social pyramid
-Spanish settlers to the Americas, could hold high office
Creoles
-second in social pyramid
-Spaniards born in Latin America, could not high office but could be military leaders
Mestizos
-third in social pyramid
-mixed Spanish and Native American
Mulattos
-fourth in social pyramid
-Mixed European and African ancestry
Afrians
-second from last in social pyramid
-enslaved, held economic value
Indians
-bottom of the social pyramid
-no economic value, most severely oppressed
Characteristics of African/Muslim slavery
-Slaves had legal rights and opportunities for social mobility (some served as generals in the army)
-Could own large estates and even other slaves
-could escape bondage by marrying into the family they served
-slavery not hereditary
# of slaves brought to the Americas 1500-1600
300,000
# of slaves brought to the Americas 1600-1700
1.5 million
# of slaves brought to the Americas by 1870
9.5 million
# of slaves brought to the Americas by Spanish by 1650
300,000
# of slaves brought to the Americas by Portuguese
-40% of all Africans went to Brazil, 3.6 million
-almost 10x the # of Africans who would arrive in North America
# of slaves brought to the Americas by British
-1807 English had transported nearly 1.7 million Africans to the West Indies
-400,000 were imported to Britain's North American colonies
-1830, 2 million slaves worked in the US
Triangular Trade
-The trade route between Europe, Africa, and Americas
First Passage
Europe to Africa, manufactures and guns were traded for slaves
Second/Middle passage
Africa to Americas, slaves were traded for sugar, coffee, and rum
Third Passage
Americas to Europe, sugar, coffee, and rum were sold
Boukman
-Helped liberate Haiti from France
-African priest who raised a call for revolution
-Within a few days, 100,000 slaves rose in revolt
L'Ouverture
-Helped liberate Haiti, from France
-ex-slave, untrained in military or diplomacy, but was a skilled general and diplomat.
-Skilled at finding openings in enemy lines
-By 1801, he had moved into Spanish Saint Domingo, where he took control of the territory and freed the slaves.
-He agreed to halt the revolution as long as the slave trade was abolished. However, the French accused him of planning another uprising and he was imprisoned in the French Alps where he died in 1803
Dessalines
-helped liberate Haiti from France
-L'Ouverture's general, declared the colony and indepent country, which meant "Mountainous land" in the native language of the country
Bolivar
-Helped liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and others from Spain
-Venezuelan creole, called "the Liberator"
-Gained control of San Martin's army and led it through Andes and won against Spain
San Martin
-Helped liberate Argentina, Chile, Peru
-creole who was educated in Spain since the age of 6
-believed in strict military discipline, but was also concerned for troops' well being
-led army through Andes to Chile and freed it with O'Higgins's help
-left his army to Bolivar and sailed for Europe, died in France, almost forgotten
O'Higgins
-Helped liberate Chile from Spain
-son of former viceroy of Peru
-helped San Martin free Chile
Hidalgo
-Helped liberate Mexico
-priest in the village of Dolores
-rang the bells of his village church ("cry of Dolores") and issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish
-His followers began a march to Mexico City
-defeated in 1811 by creoles, peninsulares, and the Spanish
Morelos
-Helped liberate Mexico from Spain
-Hidalgo's rebels rallied around him
-led revolution for 4 years
-defeated by Agustin de Iturbide
De Iturbide
-defeated Morelos, but made peace with last rebel leader (he changed his mind and helped the rebels!) He proclaimed independence in 1821
Dom Pedro
-Helped liberate Brazil from Portugal
-King John of Portugal's son
-8000 signed a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule.
-He declared Brazil's independence
-Brazil had a bloodless revolution
What did Britain find to trade with China?
Opium
Opium War
-result of Britain's refusal to stop trading opium, a habit forming narcotic made from the poppy plant. 12 million people became addicted
-British and Chinese openly clashed, mainly at sea. China's outdated ships were no match for Britain's steam-powered gunboats and cannons. The Chinese were defeated and the Treaty of Nanjing was signed.
Treaty of Nanjing
Gave Britain the island of Hong Kong
Extraterritorial Rights
-provided exemption from Chinese law at four Chinese ports besides Guangzhou
-many Chinese resented these rights
Sphere of Influence
-a region where a foreign nation controlled trade and investment
Open Door Policy
-Proposed by the US
-proposed that China's door be open to merchants of all nations
-protected American trading rights and China's freedom from colonization
Boxer Rebellion
-Society of Harmonious Fists campaigned against the Dowager Empress's rule and foreigner privilege
-surrounded the European section of Beijing and kept it under siege for several months
-multinational force of 20,000 made up of soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, and the US marched towards Beijing and defeated the Boxers.
-caused strong sense of nationalism in China
China and Japan were both...
...isolated
Commodore Matthew Perry
-sent to deliver a letter from Millard Fillmore to Japan
-took four ships into Tokyo Harbor
-the letter was polite, but Perry delivered it with a threat: he would come back in a year with a larger fleet for Japan's reply
Treaty of Kanagawa
-Japan's reply to Millard Fillmore
-signed in 1854
-opened two ports at which American ships could take on supplies and allowed the US to set up an embassy to Japan
Japanese Aggression towards Korea
-forced Korea to open two ports to Japanese trade, but withdrew as they signed treaty with China.
-However, when China broke the treaty, Japan came back and made Korea a protectorate and sent in "advisors" who grabbed power from the Korean government. The Japanese officially annexed Korea in 1910
-They forbade public protest, shut down newspapers, and took over schools. They replaced the study of Korean language and history with those of Japan.
-They took land away and gave it to Japanese settlers, and forbade Koreans from going into business while encouraging Japanese businessmen to start industries.
-However, they did modernize Korea with transportation and communication
Japanese aggression towards China
-Japan fought with China over Korea (Sino-Japanese War) when China broke their hands-off agreement by sending troops to help Korea's king put down rebellion
-Japan drove the Chinese out of Korea, destroyed the Chinese navy, and began to take over Manchuria
-In 1805, both countries signed a peace treaty; Japan received Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands, its first colonies
Japanese aggression towards Russia
-The two countires went to war over Manchuria, a region north of Korea under Chinese rule
-1903, Japan offered to recognize Russia's rights in Manchura if the Russians would agree to stay out of Korea. The Russians refused.
-As a result, in February 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian Navy, anchored off the coast of Manchuria.
-In the Russo-Japanese War that followed. Japan drove Russian troops out of Korea, won brutal land battles, captured most of Russia's land fleet, and destroyed Russia's Baltic Fleet.
-In 1905, the two countries began peace treaties, assisted by Theodore Roosevelt, who drafted the treaty. The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on a ship off Portsmouth. It gave Japan the captured territores and forced Russia to withdraw from Korea and Manchuria.
What replaced European imperialism in Latin America?
US imperialism
Why were Latin American nations vulnerable after declaring independence from Spain, Portugal, or France?
They lacked political, economical, and social stability.
US imperialism involved
Domination of trade
Domination of economies through investments
Indirect political control through local leaders (caudillos) or governments loyal to the US
What did the US and other nations invest in to Latin America?
Exported goods
Why did Latin American nations not become industrialized?
They depended on imports and borrowed extensively from the US and other nations
What happened when Latin American nations could not pay back their debts?
They were threatened with the collection of the debts by force or with having the facility the money had been used for taken over.
Monroe Doctrine
-issued by president James Monroe
-stated that "The American continents...are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European country"
-warning to European countries, fearful that Europe would reconquer Latin America
Spanish American War
-War between Cubans and Spanish for their independence
-America joined the Cuban side because they had substantial business holdings there
-conflict lasted 4 months
-US controlled Cuba's actions and bought Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
Why did the US build the Panama Canal?
To join the Atlantic and the Pacific so sea travel from coast to coast of the US was shorter.
Who was the ruler of Panama?
Colombia
What did Roosevelt offer Colombia in exchange for the right to build a canal?
10 million dollars plus a yearly payment of 250,000 a year
What happened when the Colombian government demanded more money?
The US encouraged revolution in Panama.
How did the US eventually secure the rights to build a canal in Panama?
In gratitude, Panama gave the US a ten mile wide zone to build the canal.
Panama Canal facts
-took ten years (1904-1914) and 380 million dollars to build
-10 miles wide, 51 ft long
-thousands died from tropical diseases
-had to cut into rock, mountains, and hills
-7800 miles shorter to go through Panama than around South America
-340 million dollars a year in tolls
-gave the US huge economic and military potential
-handles more than 1300 ships a year from 70 nations
-Panama took control of the canal on Dec 31 1999
What did the US acquire in 1898?
The Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam
Who was the leader of the Filipino nationalists?
Emilio Aguinaldo
What did Filipino nationalists claim?
That the US had promised immediate independence after the Spanish-American War ended.
What happened after Filipino nationalists declared independence?
The US immediately plunged into fierce struggle with the Filipino nationalists and defeated them in 1902. They promised the people that they would prepare them for self rule.
What benefits did the US provide to the islands?
They built roads, railroads, hospitals, and set up school systems.
How did American businessmen economically exploit the Philippines?
They encouraged growing cash crops instead of basic food crops.
When and why did US interest of Hawaii begin?
Around the 1790s, when Hawaii was a port on the way to China and East India.
What changed the Hawaiian economy? When?
The sugar trade in the 1820s
The sugar trade in Hawaii
-Americans established sugar-cane plantations and became so successful, they imported Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese laborers
Why did American businessmen push for the annexation of Hawaii?
-The McKinley Tariff Act eliminated taxes on sugar entering the US. Suddenly, sugar from Hawaii was no longer cheap. Annexing Hawaii meant that Hawaiian sugar could be sold for higher profits.
Who called for a new consitution in Hawaii? What would it do?
Queen Lil(iuokalani); the new constitution would increase her power and restore the political power of Hawaiians.
What happened to Queen Lil after she pushed for a new constitution?
She was removed from power from a group of businessmen.
Who was named the president of the new Republic of Hawaii?
Sanford B. Dole. He asked the US to annex Hawaii, but was refused. However, Hawaii was annexed anyway about 5 years later.
David Livingstone
Scottish minister, searching for the source of the Nile
Henry Stanley
Reporter hired to find Livingstone, later became Leopold's agent
King Leopold II
King of Belgium, claimed motives for a colony at the Congo River Valley was to abolish slavery, but he exploited Africans by forcing them rubber sap.
Racism
-the idea that one race is superior to others
-believed in a right and duty to bring progress to other countries
Social Darwinism
-survival of the fittest
Why were the Europeans able to conquer so easily?
They had technological advances like the Maxim gunm railroads and steamships, medicinal advantages like the cure for malaria, quinine, and the Africans' inability to unite.
Berlin Conference
Meeting of 14 European nations to lay down the rules for the division of Africa. First the country had to notify the other nations and show them that they could control the area.
Zulus
A large centralized state in South Africa, led by their chief Shaka
Boers
Dutch farmers who fought with Zulus over land
Great Trek
Boers' migration from South Africa
Boer War
English war with Boers. Boers used guerilla tactics against the English.
Which two African countries remained independent?
Ethiopia and Liberia
Colony
A country of region governed internally by a foreign power. Somaliland in East Africa
Protectorate
A country or terristory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. Britain established protectorate over Niger River Delta
Sphere of Influence
An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the US
Economic Imperialism
Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments. Dole Fruit Company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii.
Direct
Foreign officials brought to rule
Indirect
Local government officials used
Direct
No self-rule
Indirect
Limited self-rule
Direct
Goal: assimilation
Indirect
Goal: To develop future leaders
Direct
Government institutions based only on European styles
Indirect
Government instituions based on European styles but may have local rule.
Paternalism
-based on the attitude that Africans were children unable to handle the complex business of running a country
-governed people in a fatherly way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights,
Assimilation
-the idea that in time, the local population would become absorbed into the dominating nation's culture.
Royal Niger Company gained control of....
the palm-oil trade along the Niger River.
What does British rule in Nigeria illustrate?
the forms of imperialism used by European powers
When did Britain claim the entire region of Nigeria as a colony?
1914
Ethnic groups in Nigeria
-Over 250 groups
-Three largest are Hausa Fulanit in the North, Yoruba in the Southwest, and the Igbo in the southeast.
-The British used indirect rule because they did not have enough troops to govern. This worked well in the the North but less so in the southeast and the southwest.
What did some societies do that they hoped would allow them to remain independent?
They tried to form alliances or they resisted the Europeans with whatever forces they could raise. All but Ethiopia were unsuccessful.
Who led resistance against the French in West Africa for 16 years?
Samori Toure
How long did Algeria resist?
50 years
Maji Maji Rebellion
Africans in German East Africa refused to plant cotton, a cash crop, instead of their own food crops.
The belief arose that a magic water (maji-maji) sprinkled on their bodies would turn German bullets into water. Resistance fighters armed with spears and "protected" by the magic water attacked a German machine-gun post. 26000 died; almost twice that number died in the following famine
Ethiopia/Menelik II
-Ethiopia was the only African nation to successfully resist the Europeans
-Menelik II became the emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. He successfully played Italian, French, and British against each other.In the meantime he build up an arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia
-About to sign a treaty with Italy, Menelik discovered differences in the wording between Amharic, the Ethiopian language, and Italian.
-Menelik had believed that he was giving up a tiny portion of Ethiopia, but the Italians claimed all of Ethiopia as a protectorate. Meanwhile, Italian forces advanced into northern Ethiopia
-Menelik declared war, and in the Battle of Adowa, Menelik successfully defeated the Italians.
Positive effects of colonial rule
-reduced local warfare
-raids between rival tribes were reduced
-sanitation improved and hospitals and schools were created. Life Span increased and literacy rates improved.
-Economic expansion- African items were valued on the international market.
-African colonies gained railroads, dams, telephone and telegraph lines. However, these mostly benefited European business interests
Negative effects of colonial rule
-Africans lost control of land and independence
-many died of new diseases
-lost thousands of people while resisting Europeans
-Famines resulted from the changed to cash crops instead of subsistence agriculture
-breakdown of traditional cultue
-Homes and properties were transferred with little regard to the residents.
-Men were forced to leave villages to support themselves and their families
-They had to work in mines, on European-owned farms or on govt. projects such as railroad buildings
-Contempt for traditional culture undermined stable societies and caused identity problems
-Dividing of African continent meant that rival chiefdoms were sometimes united and kinship groups were sometimes separated
Why was Russia interested in expansion into the Ottoman Empire?
Russia was landlocked and wanted passage for grain exports across the Black Sea and into the Mediterranean
What were the causes of the Crimean War?
Russian Czars wanted to gain land on the Black Sea
What were the outcomes of the Crimean War?
The war revealed the Ottoman Empire's military weaknesses. The Empire lost much land and was reduced to a portion of its former size
Why was the Suez Canal important to the British?
It allowed the British quicker access to its colonies in Asia and Africa. It was the "Lifeline of the Empire"
Why did Russia and Britain compete to bring Persia under its control?
Russia wanted access to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. Britain wanted Afghanistan as a buffer between India and Russia. Furthermore, oil increased its value.
Suez Canal
-European countries could get to Africa, India, Asia, and the Middle East faster that ever and maintain greater control than before.
-built by French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps
-completed in 1869
-considered its "lifeline to India" by the British, who bought Egypt's share in the canal in 1875
-Connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean
-the 105 mile long canal reduced the journey from:
London to Bombay- 4500 mi
London to Calcutta-by 3400 mi
London to Kuwait-4800 mi
-Egypt took back control of the canal in 1956 (Nasser)
What characteristics of the Isthmus of Suez made it an ideal place for a canal?
The terrain was mostly a flat expanse of land, and using the dry lake beds that lay across the isthmus would shorten the digging
What characteristic of the Suez Canal route made it a difficult place for workers to work?
Fresh water was hard to provide fo the workers
What was one effect of the Suez Canal on India?
It gave Britain more control of India
Indian caste system
Brahmins-priests
Kshatriya-warrior nobles
Vaisya-traders, artisans, farmers, and herders
Sudra-laborers

Untouchables-outcasts
(also called Harijan: the children of God)
Who defeated the French forces (inc. sepoys) at which battles?
Robert Clive, Battles of Arcot and Plassey
What was the first attempt by Indians to resist British domination?
The Sepoy Rebellion/ Great Indian Mutiny of 1857
How did the Great Indian Mutiny start? What was the real cause
The sepoys in the army refused to use the new cartridges greased with animal fat because of religious reasons. The real cause was the resentment of British rule
What was the period of direct British government control of India called?
the Raj, from 1757 to 1857
What was India called?
The "jewel in the crown" of the British empire
Who was the "father of modern India" and what did he call for?
Ram Mohun Roy, he called for modernizing Indian culture by abandoning practices such as widow suicide, child marriages, and economic reforms
What did India call for?
Participation in government, more access to education and more respect for their customs, traditions, religions, and their culture. However, people began to demand Home Rule and eventually full independence
The Indian National Congress
-Hindu majority
-formed in 1885 by British educated Indian nationalists
Muslim League
-fearing a Hindu dominated India, they split in 1906 to form a Muslim majority group
-Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
What were the Indians promised in return for their service in WW1?
Reforms that would lead to Home Rule. These promises were not fulfilled
Where did protests against the lack of reform/change in India become especially violent and why?
The Punjab, the region with the most WWI veterans
Rowlatt Act
-allowed the govt to jail protesters without trial as long as 2 years (1919)
Amritsar Massacre
-Indians held a peaceful demonstration at the capital of the Punjab to protest the Rowlatt act
-General Dyer mercilessly ordered his troops to fire- 400 killed, 1200 wounded
Gandhi
-lawyer, active leader among the Indian community in South Africa. He began to help lead the campaign for civil rights and indpendence for Indians
Who gave Gandhi the title Mahatma?
Tagore
What is the idea of mass resistance through nonviolence?
Satyagraha- soul force, the power of moral persuasions
What successful boycott did Gandhi encourage?
Cloth
Salt March
-240 mile long march: symbolic protest against govt's monopoly of salt sales. Protesters made their own salt from seawater
Protest at a Salt Works
Protestors were attacked and beaten by the police, covered by international media and attracted world wide attention
How many were arrested?
60,000. including Gandhi
India Act of 1935
Granted local self govt and democratic elections.
What did India now demand instead of reform or Home Rule?
Independence
Where was Gandhi invited to discuss the future of India?
Britain, where he firmly insisted that independence was the only option
What did the Muslim League begin to demad?
A separate country for Muslims
Who was sent to try to bring a settlement about between the two different groups?
Lord Louis Mountbatten
What did Lord Mountbatten reccomend?
That India be partitioned into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan
When did Britain concede independence to India and Pakistan?
July 1947
Migration of Hindus>India and Muslims>Pakistan
-approximately 10million moved
-widespread rioting and fighting broke out as the two groups passed each other- about 1million were killed: religious civil war
When did India officially gain its independence?
August 15,1947
Who was the first Prime Minister of India?
Nehru
Gandhi's assassination
-killed by a militant Hindu, unhappy with his appeasement of Muslims
Kashmir
-Hindi ruler with large Muslim population, which bordered both India and Pakistan
-Pakistan invaded the area, causing the ruler to align Kashmir with India
-War between India and Pakistan in Kashmir continued until the UN arranged a cease-fire in 1949
It left a third of Kashmir under Pakistani control and the rest under India.
(Later in 1962, China seized part of Kashmir)
During the Cold War, what side was India on?
It was Neutral
Nehru called for
-reorganization of states by language
-pushed for industrialization and sponsored social reforms
-elevate the statue to lower castes and expand the rights of women
Indira Gandhi
-Succeeded her father Nehru after his death in 1964
-under her leadership, the country substantially increased its food grains production
-Faced threats from Sikh extremists
-Allowed Indian army troops to overrun the Golden Temple at Amritsar to kill Sikh terrorists
-Killed by two Sikh bodyguards, which caused the deaths of thousands of Sikhs
Rajiv Gandhi
-Indira's son, succeeded his mother in 184
-lost the leadership in 1989 because he was accused of corruption
-killed by a bomb carried by a Sri Lankan Tamil terrorist
-In 1998, Atal Bihari Vajpayee took over the nation
Social Issues of India
-steadily climbing population: surpassed 1 billion
-caste system undermines social equality
-faces the threat of religious fanaticism
-many separatist movements exist
-New oil and coal resources have been discovered. Scientific and technical educaton has expanded
Pakistan Civil War
-Pakistan had two regions separated by 1000 mi
-East Pakistan with the larger population felt neglected by the government in West Pakistan
-Rebellion broke out in April 1971. In December, the Indian army lent its support to East Pakistan. West Pakistan withdrew and East Pakistan became Bangladesh
Ceylon/Sri Lanka
-3/4 of its population are Buddhists. 1/5 are Tamils
-a militant group of Tamils have called for separate Tamil nations
-since 1981, when Tamil militants began strong-armed resistance, thousands of lives have been lost
-Rajiv Gandhi and the Sri Lankan pres tried to reach an accord in 1983.
-the agreement called for Indian troops to enter Sri Lanka and help disarm Tamil rebels. The effort was not successful, and Indian troops left in 1990. A civil war between the Tamils and other Sri Lankans continues today.