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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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E. H. Carr
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"History is an unending dialogue between the present and the past."
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George Santayana
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"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
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Henry Ford
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"What we learn from the past is that we learn nothing from the past."
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What are the 5 themes of geography?
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Location, place, relationships within places/interaction, movement, and region.
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What are the 6 essential elements of Geography?
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The world in spacial terms, places and regions, physical systems, human systems, environment, and the uses of geography.
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What is a globe? Why is it used to depict the Earth?
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A globe is a spherical scale model of the Earth. It is proportionately accurate.
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What is a map? What are the benefits of using maps?
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A flat drawing of all or part of the Earth. It can show areas in great detail.
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What are some limitations of maps?
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When curves become a flat line, distortions may appear.
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3 basic categories that map projections can me divided into?
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Conic, planar, cylindrical
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"Great Circle Route"
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Route that follows the curve of the Earth
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Winkel Tripel Projection
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Provides a balance between the size and shape of land areas. Even Polar areas are shown with little distortion.
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Robinson Projection
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Outlines of continents, sizes and shapes are accurate. However, the Poles appear somewhat flat.
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Goode's Interrupted Equal-Area Projection
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True size and shapes of landmasses, but distances are distorted.
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Mercator Projection
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Distorts sized and distance, but true direction and shapes of landmasses are accurate.
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Latitude
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Circle the Earth parallel to the Equator
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Longitude
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Circle the earth from Pole to Pole. Measure east or west from the Prime Meridian.
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Absolute Location
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The spot where a line of longitude crosses one of latitude
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General Purpose Maps
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Maps that show a wide range of general information about an area
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Special Purpose Maps
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Show information on specific topics (climate, land use, vegetation, etc.)
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LANDSAT Maps
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Made from photographs by satellites. Cameras record energy waves, then change it into pictures of the earth's surface.
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Delta
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Flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by a river and deposited at its mouth
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Isthmus
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A narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas
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Mesa
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Broad flat-topped landform with steep sides; smaller than a plateau
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Peninsula
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Body of land jutting into a lake or ocean, surrounded on three sides by water
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Plateau
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Area of flat or folling land at a high elevation, about 300-3000 feet high
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Tributary
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Small river or stream that flows into a larger river or stream; branch of a river
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Democracy
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Form of government where people have the freedom to choose their representatives/political leader.
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Government gets its power from...
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the people
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Who are the ultimate decision makers?
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the people
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The government exists to serve...
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the people
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Abraham Lincoln
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"of the people, by the people, and for the people."
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Democracy means...
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"rule by the people"
demos-people kratos-rule or authority |
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Democracy is the idea that...
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people can govern themselves
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Democracy is the...
(What kind of government?) |
fairest, most civilized and most modern system of government.
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1997 percentages
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117/119 countries is 61%
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2005 percentages
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123/196 is 63%
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2011 percentages
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115/196 is 59%
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4 R's of Democracy
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1.Representative Government
2. Rule by Law 3. Rights of the Individual 4. Reasoned Debate |
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Athens had...
(What kind of democracy?) |
direct democracy
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Everyone has the right to
(3rd R of Democracy) |
be treated equally under the law and to have the equality of opportunity
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John Stuart Mill
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"Your freedom to move your arm ends where my nose begins."
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Solving problems through
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discussion and debate. All opinions are valued.
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What is a government?
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How groups of people organize and govern themselves by choosing laws.
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Representative Government
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Citizens run for public office, vote in elections, and have the power to evict public officials.
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Presidential-Legislative Democracy
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The power is shared by the elected parliament and an elected president.
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Parliament
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Elected legislature
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Prime Minister...How is he chosen?
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The leader of the Parliament...Is chosen by the political party that controls parliament
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Dictator
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Holds absolute power over citizens, and make an break rules as they see fit
(Adolf Hitler of Germany, Muammar al Gadhafi of Libya, Fidel Castro of Cuba) |
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Military Dictatorship
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Country led by one political party
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One Party Dictatorship
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All the power is held by one political party
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What did most Communist Governments traditionally advocate?
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End to private ownership, equal distribution of wealth, coming to power of the working class over ruling elite/aristocracy/rich
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Most Communist governments became____ because _____
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Dictatorships, all the power was held by one party
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Totalitarian governments
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Controls citizens and everyday life by putting down all oppositions
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Monarchy
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A government ruled by a hereditary king, queen, or emperor
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Ceremonial Monarchy
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Monarch is a figure of national unity and pride, but has no real power
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Constitutional Monarchy
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Monarch's power is restricted by a written constitution
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1985
military, one-party, democracy? |
9% under military dictatorship
5% under one-party dictatorship 40% under multi-party democracy |
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1997
military, one-party, democracy? |
7% under military dictatorships
31% under one-party dictatorship 61% under multiparty democracy |
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How many governments practice parliamentary democracy, presidential democracy, one-party democrary?
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91-parliamentar democracy
27-presidential democracy 44-one-party state democracies |
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How many democracies in 1990, 1992. and 1997?
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1990-76
1992-99 1997-117 |
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Athens History
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Monarchy > Tyrant > Oligarchy > Aristocracy > Democracy
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Solon
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- increased participation in government beyond aristocracy
-general assembly -Council of 400 -Protected individual rights and liberties -Released slaves -Cancelling farmers' debts |
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Cleisthenes
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-expanded council to 500
-allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate -power of nobles decreased -founder of Democracy |
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Pericles
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-Age of Pericles, Golden Age of Greece, 50 yr period
-paid public officials -payment to jurors -promoted 3 branches of government |
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Pericles Quote
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"We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics minds his own business; we say he has no business at all."
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Philosophers
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-Importance of human reason, logic, and intelligence rather than superstition.
-Natural Laws could be discovered through reason and intellect. -Majority of people were intelligent, should be allowed to participate in government |
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Plato wanted
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philosopher kings
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Aristotle favored
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Government based on a clear Constitution to avoid emergence of tyrants
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Republic
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A government without a monarch with citizens electing representatives
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Legislative Branch in Rome consisted of
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Senate and Assembly (Patricians only at first)
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Plebeians formed
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Council of Assembly
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In times of crisis the Republic provided for a
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dictator, but limited his term to 6 month
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Romans believed that laws should...
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be based on principles of reason and justice.
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Accused were....
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Innocent til proved guilty, and the burden of proof rested with the accuser
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Romans left two legal codes
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Code of Justinian, and Twelve Tables
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Renaissance started in...
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1300-1600 Florence, Italy, and spread from there to other parts of Europe
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Why during this period?(1300-1600)
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Wars of Middle Age were coming to an end, Europe was becoming more stable and prosperous, the Catholic Church was declining, and young talents were emerging
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1. Interest in Classical Cuture
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Artisans restored monuments and works of art. Scholars searched out Latin and Greek manuscripts for inspiration
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2. Focus on the Humanities
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Worldly interests over afterlife
Scholars valued subjects concerned with humankind and culture |
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3. Interest in Earthly Life
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"The here and now"
Rejected medieval views that life was preparation for after life. Secular views |
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4. Appreciation of the Individual
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People were interested in the qualities that made people unique, they were encouraged to develop their talent/skills to full potential, Renaissance man
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5. Concern with Public Services and Politics
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Renaissance education was intended to prepare men for public service, philosophers wrote handbooks for political success (Example: Machiavelli)
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6. Limited Roles for Women
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-Expected to use talents in the home, inspire art, not create it,
-Not expected to play any role in politics, should know classics and be charming, but not seek fame |
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7. Advances in Technology
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Printing press gave readers access to ideas, "informed citizenry" was created, advances in Maritime Technology
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8.Achievements in Literature and the Arts
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Writers such as Cervantes, Robelais, and Shakespeare brought to life the ideas of the Renaissance and the individual
-Wrote in the vernacular Michelangelo, Da Vinci |
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9.Support for the Arts from Patrons
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Wealthy patrons such as the Medici family (Lorenzo sponsored Michelangelo) supported writers and artists
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Protests led to Reformation
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Religious thinkers began to challenge the authority of the Catholic Church, widespread discontent led to calls for Church reform (late 16th century)
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Sources of Conflict
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Germans...
Resented Italian control of Church, resented heavy taxes, people felt Church were more interested in adding to riches than saving souls, and indulgences |
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Martin Luther
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Nailed 95 Theses to door of church in Wittenburg, attacked church's abuses, believed people were saved through faith in God, and people needed no other guide than the Bible, and wanted a trained, educated, and devout clergy
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John Calvin
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1536 joined reformers in Geneva, developed Calvinism, set forth doctrine of predestination, certain people were chosen for salvation
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Henry VIII
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After being denied a divorce, he challenged authority of Pope. 1534 Act of Supremacy, English monarch is the head of the Church of England, this was for political reasons
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John Knox
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Presbyterian, Church of Scotland
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Reformation fostered...
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Spirit of questioning, of challenging authority
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Reformation enphasized...
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importance of individuals
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