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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freud's Three Revolutions
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Copernican -Decenters earth from Universe
Darwinian - Decenters human from species Freudian - ego upon ego decentralization |
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4 Broad Definitions of Science
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1. a body of knowledge
2. a set of insitutions 3. a social activity, money medical journals 4. a set of world views and ideologies |
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Agnotology
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The history and science of ignorance
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Alethia
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Greek word for truth - that which is not to be forgotten
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Historicity
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Everything has a history
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3 Scales of History
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Cosmic (billions of years)
Hominid/Organic (millions of years) Human history proper (thousands of years) |
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5 Major Dates: Paleolithic to Neolithic
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2.5 million years ago - oldest tools
1.4 million years ago - acheulean hand axes First Cave paintings - 14,000 years ago Invention of Agriculture 12,000 years ago Invention of writing 5,000 years ago |
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Teleology
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View that all things have an end, purpose, or goal
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Homo Floensiensis
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Found on the Indonesian Island of Flores in 2003, said to be contemporaneous with homo sapiens
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Originism
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We cannot escape what we are, are we not what we were?
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Two major theories of human evolution
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Out of Africa
Multinational |
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Toba Volcano -Sumatra
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Erupted 73,000 years ago in Sumatra, largest explosion in 2 million years, killed 99% of species on eart
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Acheulean Handaxes
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Similar all over the world
Found en mass in particular areas did not change for 1 million years although so prevalent, their use has been lost |
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Oldowan "Chopper"
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Oldest known stone tool.
2.5 million years |
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Orientalism
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Overzealously, and perhaps inaccurately making images of the past overly exotic
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Presentism
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Introducing ideas and perspectives from the present into interpretations of the past
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Piltdown fossils
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a hoax that rsulted from a desperate attempt to find evidence of prehistoric englishmen - 1912
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"Stoneage" names and time periods
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lower paleolithic 250,000 ya old tools
upper paleolithic 40,000 ya art language, innovation neolithic 12,000 ya agriculture, tools, government, slavery , writing |
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Excalibur
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The world's oldest funerary object
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Blombos Cave
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Oldest art 77,000 years ago
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Lascaux Cave
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Famous cave in France, from paleolithic era
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Catalhoyuk
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In Turkey, possibly the oldest known city in the world
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Stonehenge & New Grange
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Solstice markers in England and Ireland
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Nebra Sky Disk
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Oldest known depiction of the cosmos . Hand held stonehenge?
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Clovis Points
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Weapons made by the clovis culture of north america found in the megafauna fossils. Supposed cause of extinction in the Americas.
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Machu Piccu
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Incan worship temple from the 1550s, discovered in 1911. Participated in human Sacrifice
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Moche
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art, Ruler priest of the Incans in 250AD
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Nazca Lines
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Large shapes drawn in the deserts of south america by the incans. Famous shapes include hummingbirds and a monkey
Dated 2000 years ago |
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Cuzco
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Capital City for the Incan Empire
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Lake Titicaca, Isla del Sol
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Place for Astronomical observation around the city of Cuzco, the Incans.
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Olmec Civilization
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Aztec word for people from the land of rubber
famous for the olmec heads created an anatomically correct heart 12,500 years before done so in europe. |
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Teocinte
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ancient corn before it was forcibly evolved into maize as we know it today
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Cha
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Game with rubber balls played by the Mayans to settle disputes 200-900 AD
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Mayan Blue
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Blue dye made by the Mayans that resists corrosion and until recently was a mystery of how to make
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Ceren
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The "Mayan Pompeii" in El Salvador
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Cascajal Block
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Oldest writing in the Americas 1000 BC
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Dresden Codex
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Has a alot of Mayan math, showed calculations, numerals.
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Important ideas of Mayan math and time
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concept of 0
the idea of absolute time, not measured in dynasties time is infinite forward and backward Made the most accurate calendar until 1582 |
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Pre-socratic principles
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Open inquiry
dialectical method guidence through inquiry & discovery the idea of theory over practice... no real need for applicative science |
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Philosophia
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love of wisdom
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Dialectics
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open debate and knowledge
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Essentialism
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Idea that there ideal types of everything, conclusive to taxonomy and classification.
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"Eidos"
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ideas or species
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Reification
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Making things more real then they actually are.
Ex. Christianity is the worlds third largest religon |
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Antropocentric View
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Projection of human purposes to the world so that the world has goals and ambitions.
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Ancient Greek view of gender
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females are lesser than males, females give material form to their offspring while males bring actual form
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Aristotles 4 causes
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1. material cause
2. formal cause 3. movement cause 4. Final cause |
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4 greek humors
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sanguine, phlegm, black bile, yellow (choleric) bile. Each associated with a different emotion/mood
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Duplex Veritas
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Islamic phrases saying that the two truths are faith and Nature
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Dates of the Golden Age of Islam
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10th century AD to 14/15th century AD
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Al Azhar
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Professor for which the oldest University in the world is. Cairo egypt, 988 AD
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Al Geber
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Alchemist, aristoletairan, idea of elemets
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Ibn Sina
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Canon of medicine, used as the main text until it was replaced in Europe 5000 years ago.
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Al Azhar University
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Cairo, 988 AD Oldest university in the world
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Al Geber
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Alchemist, Aristoletarian, idea of the elements, chemist. Where the word Algebra comes from
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Ibn Sina
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Wrote the Canon of Medicine, which was the main medical text in Europe for 500 years
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Name some words that have their base in arabic language
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bismuth, algorithm, alkali, antimony, zenith, zero, average
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Al Hazan
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Physicist of the era, Basra Iraq. Attempted to explain vision
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Al Biruni
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Wrote on the History of India, made accurate measures of the earths circumference
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Ibn Buttuta
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Traveled farther then Marco Polo in his time 73,000 miles to explore the world
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Heterodox/Heretical knowledge
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A way to challenge tradition, tended to be done in secret, many parts of magic were done in this fashion.
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Corpus Hermeticum
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100-300AD a book which discusses magic and astrology, there is a myth that it was written by Hermes Tris magistus from egypt but that is a myth.
- Doctrine of Signatures - Natural objects have an outward indication of potential uses - Power of words - words are meaningless and everything has a truer form . Nulius in Vera - Secrecy - a way to explore forbidden knowledge. Human life represented the microcosm and the heavens were the macrocosm. |
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Three Chinese inventions which changed the world
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Gunpowder, Printing, the compass
Printing was forgotten and rediscovered in Europe in the 1500s with the gutenberg bible. |
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Chinese Astrology
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- Did not take a geometrical approach to the cosmos, algebra rather.
- did not see the heavens and the earth as separate beings - were very meticulous in their observations, and observed accurately for prediction |
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Chinese Medicine
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5 elements - wood, fire,metal, earth , water
qi- life force Li - prinicipal pattern Ren - person, humanity, belevolence, doesn't necessarily have a translation - organs are moods, not distinct entities -emphasis on balance |
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3 Periods of West
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End of Antiquity (Sack of Rome)
Middle Ages Modernity (Beginning at the renaissance) |
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Dioscorides
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oldest known illustrated biology text, from the middle ages which was a time of the decline of science
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Middle Ages Universities
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Based off of monasteries, all male
between 600AD -1400s Trained men for careers in law, medicine and philosophy Trivium - Grammer, rhetoric, logic Quadrivium - music, arithmatic, geometry, astronomy |
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Pythagoras
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Thought that life could be seen through numbers, was a pre-socratic scholar
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Empedocles
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Brought all fundamental element theories together, the world is created of earth, wind, fire, water
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Parimenides Fixity
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Don't rely on the blind eye , must argue through reason.
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Frederic Kekule
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Scientific Revolution, founder of organic chemistry
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Bacon & Descartes in the Scientific Revolution
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The idea of novelty, new philosophy, trust i experimentation, but not in perceptions
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The Scientific Revolution
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From Copernicus idea of heliocentricity 1500
to 1600 with Newtonian physics and the works of Vesalius in the middle - New instruments: telescopes, thermometers, barometers - New Institutions: royal society of london, French Acadmey of sciences - New world view - heliocentricity 1540s-1670s |
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Edgar Zilsel
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Theory that modern science developed from the de- differentiation of three parts: the aristotelian scholars who did philosophy, the literary humanists who were scribes and wrote history, and the Artist/Engineers who did practical science.
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Parochialism
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The idea that we are all accidents, a small part of the larger universe
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Pillars of Hercules
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From the legend of Hercules, marked the known world from the unknown, one at the coast of Africa other on the coast of Gibralter. Entrance to the mediteranean.
- said "plus ultra" there is more beyond opposing the ancient greek idea of "non plus ultra" which is that there is no more beyond - Inscribed on the pillars were "Science & Philosophy" showed the separation of theory and practice |
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De Humani Corporis Fabrica
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Anatomy book written by Andreas Vesalius in 1543
- dissected bodies of hanged prisoners - unifies art and science, continued the new method and realism - misunderstood female anatomy Symbolism - dog and monkey reveal Galen, Vesalius is the only one with his eyes open, the pickpocketing of the robed ancients says that you cannot have science without practice, men under table say you cannot have practice without reason only woman is the one on the table -200 woodcuts |
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Reasons for Copernican Revolution
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1. explained retrograde movement of the planets
2. Simplifies Ptolemy's system Many contoversies based on interpretations of the bible. |
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Vatican's List of Banned books
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Contained many scientific works, made during the scientific revolution, later did not ban books by Hitler, Stalin or Marx, discontinued
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Moniti meliora
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Instruction brings improvement (Aeneid) idea of institutions during the scientific revolution
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Philosophical ideas of the Scientific Revolution
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deological accomplishments of the Scientific Revolution:
-clockwork universe -mechanical conceptions of body/heat, -new discoveries of motion/volume, -model of human body, pumping of blood, -new ways of drawing/imagining in general modernism very much discussed; steady improvements in quality of life Principle of Forgetfulness- have to unlearn what we think we know -Descartes: "To know is to doubt" -challenging authority of church and universities -knowledge was not supposed to come from the old or from inspiration, but from the testimony of experience and observation organic to a mechanical world view |
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Renee Descartes
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Banned by the Catholic Church
wanted females to read his works scientific Revolution Thought the pineal gland was where the soul came from popularized superscripts and using x, y, and z for unknown variables good career after death due to judicious editors |
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Isaac Newton
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1642 -1777, 40 years after Descartes
founder of calculus universal law of gravitation not just a scientist but a politician as well law of inertia and other motions |
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Giordano Bruno
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1548-1600
imprisoned and executed over his ideas by the catholic church, thought a lot about the art of memory and forgetfullness believed in copernicus's heliocentricity dabbled a little in hermeticism |
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Galileo
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1562-1642
Break from Aristotelian ideas of the time, thought of the cosmos and the idea of uniform acceleration believed in heliocentricity was convicted by the catholic church and put on house arrest |
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Johannes Kepler
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1571-1630
Studied astrology and astromonmy and mathematics, said that the planets go in ellipses not in perfect circular orbits no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology |
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Cartesian Dualism
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Descartes idea of the mind body dualism, spirit and matter are two different substances.
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Three new worlds from the scientific revolution
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1. large (Galileo, Newton)
2. Small (Hooke) 3. New worlds on the earth, maps, peoples , empires |
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Mercator Atlas
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First attempted map of the new world, Juan de la Casa, the foundation for Atlas's
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Al Idrisi
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Dre worlds first depiction of a map from the 8th century
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Kiva
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Circular Structure built for communicating with the dead. Anasazi Indians
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Choco Canyon
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Where the sundagger was found, supposedly to have been made 1000 years ago
found by artist Anna sopher shows the summer solstice and the 19 year moon cycle |
