World History Of Science Spring

Front 1

Darwinian Evolution

Back 1

Mechanisms:
Natural Selection - superfercundity, struggle for existance, heritable variation, fitness toward the environment

Sexual selection - minor mechanism

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Lamarck - Zoological Philosophy
1709

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inheritance of acquired characteristics, spontaneous generation, postulated evolution in order to get around extinction, each species evolved from a single branch

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Deep Time

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Theory postulated in 18th and 19th centuries with new discoveries in Geology Allowed for theories such as evolution

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Uniformitarianism

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Hutton, Lyell - Naturalism - everything always functions under a set of natural laws Actualism - causes we see today are sufficient to explain the past gradualism - changes happen slowly, same rate steady state- earth has been the same from the beginning of time

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Ancon Sheep

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Massachusetts bred for their short legs, Darwin noticed that nature has the same power that humans have for breeding

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Great Chain of Being

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a hierarchy of all creatures in the universe, leading to perfection, before the theory of evolution

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Plenitude

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the idea that there is nothing in the world that is missing everything that can be is, and everything is perfect

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Continutiy

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Nature passes gradually from inanimate to animate- asbestos and trombleys polyp which was between plant and animal zoophyte

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Historicity of the earth

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realization that the earth does have a history and have deeptime

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Ammonite

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important fossil, realization that we live in a vestigal world. Animals alive today are only a fraction of what has existed. snake stones ram horns

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Natura non facit sultus

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nature makes no leaps no breaks or missing lings related to the great chain of being

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Scantia

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history of the word science and literally means "to cut" which was a reflection of the trend of science to classify things

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Movile Cave

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new organism, organisms get food from rocks, a miniature ecosystem, shows the effects of evolution on isolated populations

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Cape Verde

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To africa what the Galapagos are to South America. No distinct island life, all like the mainland creatures

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Feurerback

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Theoristt in the 1800s when the skeptical climate allowed for athiests to hrive. Thought that the heavens and Gods were projections of human fears and anxieties, reflection of humanity. All theology = anthropology

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Bestiaries

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- cataloging animals as inherently good or bad in order to prove the existence of God

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Utilitarian

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there is a purpose for everything. Therefore the world is necessarily antrhopocentric

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Bridgewater Treatises

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8th earl of bridge water paid each author 1,000 pds starting to write books that would become an encyclopedia of natural theology

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William Buckland

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geologist for the bridgewater treatise first person to desecribe dinosaur bones

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Doctrine of Human Perfectibility

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People who philosophized that reason and science would eventually conquer all disease and evntually death itself, Malthusian politics disproved this

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Pangenesis

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Darwinian Theory of heredity. Every part of the body has little bits that go into the sperm and egg and those were passed down.

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Linneaus Society

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1858 where wallace and darwin read their paper to the society made it seem as a joint invention

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Dynamism

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everything evolved is evolved for something that happened in the distant past, can also be linked to contingency

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Epistemology of Intelligence

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most of what we know is very small comparted to what actually exists

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Carl Linneaus

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author of the universal two name taxonomy system homo sapien

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DoDo Birds

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adapted to a different environment, no large predators in south america so lost its fear and its defense mechanism and was therefore driven to extinction with the arrival of humans.

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Mobility of Life

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Along his voyage Darwin realized that life is capable of spreading frea distances across oceans ie wind from the sahara

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David Strauss

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founder of biblical criticism viewed the bible as a historical document because history is the truth above all else

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Attivisms

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Reversions, throwbacks savages were like children and criminals were like savages, criminals are throwback to an earlier state of evolution

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Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny

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Infant to adult study can be paralleled to ancestor to modern

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Homologous Structures

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same structure, different function analogies flippers hands... evidence of common descent

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Analogous Structures

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different structures same purpose shows proof of common adaption

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Eugenics

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Belief that humans can change their destiny through biology. Born from right wing interpretation of Darwinism, survival of the fittest

a. positive - enticing people to support larger families

b. negative - stopping the breeding of the unfit, fisrt sterilization then euthanasia

c. deterrent - keeping genetic factors from further damaging the race

Front 34

Buck vs. Bell

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Supreme court stated that there was no right to procreate. The ruling was never overturned

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Hunter's Civil Biology

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The text in question during the Monkey Scopes trial of 1925. The lawyers were Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

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Irreducible Complexity

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Michael Behe - the theory espoused by intelligent designers saying that there are functional parts of the body that cannot.

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Exaptation

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evolutionary ideal not created at once. There were previous unctions of certain parts, that evolved and took on different functions

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Hperdarwinism

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cultural creations and spiritual. Often times bioogists foet the social impact that these theories have... Hitler Youth book.

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agnotology

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the science of ignorance and what is purposefully forgotten in society

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7 reasons why tobacco is so popular

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flu-curing, mechanization, transportation, friction matches, war, mass marketing, mass deception, re=narration (survivable in court)

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Fillibuster

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a technique used by the tobacco company, supported research until they would kill the issue "fear of cancer is worse than cancer" always need more research

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Roentgen

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the founder of x-rays in 1896 revolutionized the way people thought about energy and light.

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Radium/Polonium

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discovered by Marie Curie in the early 1900s, she coined the term radioactivity, died from radiocative poisoning

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luminescent dials

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people said radium was not toxic and the companies selling the dials in th early 1900s reisted any changes that there were adverse effects

Front 45

three great inventioins of mankind

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fire and stone tools
agriculture
the invention of the heat engine

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Tizard Mission

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Between the two world wars - transfer of all British technical advances to the US the caity magnetron was the most valuable

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Radar

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the creation of radar transformed the ability of the defense to anticipate and thus defeat a bomber attack. Represents the rise of modern workforce which was based on technology

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Atomic bomb

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Stemmed from thomsons discovery of the electron -1892 and rutherfords discovery of the nucleus 1911 qustions asked that led to the atom bomb were extremely important

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5 mass extinctions

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Cretaceous - 65 mya
Triassic - 208 mya
Permian - 245 mya
devonian 367 mya
ordovician 439 mya

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6th extinction

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Anthropogenic ,.1million years ago, mammoths, hippos and other men hunted megafauna

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Chicxulub asteroid

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65 mya, found in 1981 the crater is the alrgest in the solar system, largest since life graced the earth. Global forest fires, billions of tons of CO2 released, iridium layer

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Tektites

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meteoric glass, earth thrown up into space then remelted as glass

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Contingency

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everything evolves in response to what occured before and evolution occurs on a need by need basis and everything does to

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Herbert Spencer

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wrote the principles of biology and coined the term survival of the fittest and popularized the term evolution

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El Corito

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Short handed trowels – was a torture device to make sure that people were bent over working, standing up weren’t working hard enough, all artifacts have a history and historicity of things

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EO Wilson

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The loss of genetics and species diversity and loss of habitat will take millions of years to repair

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Cerannia

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thought these fossils were made from lightening striking the ground

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Manderax

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Collective human intelligence in Galapagos