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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MEDIEVAL PERIOD
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CHAPTER 12
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Characteristics of the Middle Ages
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feudalism
religion was important (church had a lot of power) food and population increased trade and commerce revived towns grew banking and credit systems developed wealthy merchant class universities were established |
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Religion: Causes of split between Eastern and Western churches
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Doctrinal Authority
B(eastern) - stressed Bible RCC- stressed pope Filoque Clause B- god, then Christ RCC- god and Christ are equal Iconoclastic Controversy B- banned use of imagery RCC- believed in imagery |
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Religion: Differences between Eastern and Western
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BYZANTINES (Eastern)
- Emperor Diocletian - flourished - reign of Justinian - focused on protecting Christianity ROMAN CATHOLICS (Western) - Emperor Maximian - declined |
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Feudalism: Structure
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KING: gave fiefs (land grants) and peasants to lords
LORDS (VASSALS): gave loyalty and military aid to king/gave food, shelter, protection to knights KNIGHTS (VASSALS): gave military service to lords/gave food, shelter, protection to peasants PEASANTS (SERFS): farmed the land for the knights and paid rent |
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Feudalism: Characteristics
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political system
power of church castles offered protection manors (where the serfs farmed the land) system of mutual rights and responsibilities |
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Feudalism: Why it developed
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fall of Rome
lack of central government constant threat of warfare, famine, disease smaller kingdoms, increased power of church subjects are loyal to lords, rather than the king |
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Feudalism: Warfare
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Battle of Tours
Crusades Attacks by Barbarian Groups: Visigoths, Goths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Franks |
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Byzantine Empire: Corpus Juris Civilis
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Justinian's code
Roman law became basis of European law until the 19th century "body of civil law" goal: create new legal and religious law |
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The Franks: Dynasties -- Merovingian
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- King Clovis
- his sons (no laws of primogeniture) -- split up empire, leaving Frankish kings with no real power - Pepin I - Mayor of the Palace - Pepin II - Charles Martel: Battle of Tours |
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The Franks: Dynasties -- Carolingian
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- Pepin the short (crowned by pope, forged an alliance between Franks and the Church)
- Charles the Great (Charlemagne) - Louis the Pious - Lothar, Louis the German, Charles the Bald |
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The Franks: Battle of Tours
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- led by Charles Martel
- halted Spanish Muslim (Moors) advances into Western Europe - created long-lasting conflict between Christians and Muslims - Moors were defeated |
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The Franks: Charlemagne (policies)
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- protected land from attacks
- spread religion - encouraged education - focused on military campaigns |
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The Franks: Treaty of Verdun
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- beginning of Carolingian fragmentation
- occurred when Western Europe was divided into an Eastern and Western Frankish Kingdom (weakened Frankish Empire) |
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HIGH MIDDLE AGES/RENAISSANCE
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CHAPTER 15
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Towns: Trade
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- merchants traveled together in armed caravans/convoys
- bought goods for as cheap as possible and sold them for all they could get - guilds: an association of merchants that offered protection to its members; set rules for their work and products |
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Towns: Impacts of Increased Trade on Western Europe
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- kings benefited from the rise of towns: could begin to hire own armies (freed them of their dependence on nobility in the feudal system)
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Crusades: Results in Europe
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- stimulated trade and cultural interaction
- intolerance against other religions |
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Black Plague: Causes
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- trade routes
- living close together |
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Black Plague: Results
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- labor supply shrunk: decline in nobles' estates
- agricultural prices decreased - price of luxury goods increased - feudalism declines - agrarian-based economy --> monetary-based economy - church declined --> they didn't help |
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England: Magna Carta
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- "Great Charter"
- limits royal power - King John forced to sign: held accountable to obey laws - foundation of England's government |
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Medieval Women: Role within Society
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- workers in fields
- respected and loved by husbands - received schooling: excluded universities |
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Medieval Church: problems associated with it that are in need of reform
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- sale of indulgences
- worldly affairs - superstition - heresy: not permitted to question church - simony: pay to attribute higher position in church - wealthy seemed more interested in wealth than in holy living |
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Medieval Church: Investiture
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- pope became strong
- weakened HRE (Holy Roman Empire) - encouraged division of political forces within the empire |
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Medieval Church: Concordat of Worms
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- Henry IV
- Worms, Germany |
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Renaissance: Artists
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Michelangelo
Raphael Leonardo da Vinci religious paintings supported by patrons (Ex. Medici family) |
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Renaissance: Writers
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Machiavelli wrote "The Prince" - how to be a good ruler
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Medieval vs. Renaissance
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Renaissance: people began to be curios about things (thought about things)
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Renaissance: Humanism (characteristics)
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- focus on worldly issues, human achievement, love of learning
- creativity- no longer focused on afterlife - new mindset- began to question the Church's ultimate authority - began to emphasize one's own accomplishments, life experiences, curiosities |
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Renaissance: Machiavelli
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- wrote "The Prince" --> how to be a good ruler
- military matters - trustworthiness - reputation - better to be feared, then loved if not both - supports evil over good - influential |
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Renaissance: Northern Renaissance
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realism
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ISLAM
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CHAPTERS 11, 13, 22
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Formation of Islam
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prophetic event
founder - Muhammad message through Gabriel Arabian Peninsula |
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Early Leaders
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founder - Muhammad (prophet)
4 Rightly Guided (chosen) Caliphs (spread and protected faith) : Abu, Umar, Uthman, Ali |
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Basic Beliefs of Islam: Pillars and Norms
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5 Pillars:
1) Shahada: daily confession of faith 2) Salat: ritual prayer 3) Zakat: paying the alms tax 4) Sawm: fast during daylight hours of Ramadan 5) Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca - fair treatment to women - modesty in dress and demeanor - abstention from pork and alcochol |
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Message of the Qur'an (a "reciting")
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- allegiance to Umma (Islamic community)
- honesty - facing Ka'ba (holiest shrine in Mecca) - 5 Pillars - improved treatment of women (property, marriage, divorce) - obedience to Allah (god) |
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Factors Contributing to permanence of Islamic Conquests
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- vitality of new faith
- astute policies of the early leaders - adoption of existing administrative systems - adjustment of unequal taxation - appointment of capable governors |
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Sunni vs. Shi'ites
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SUNNI
- followers of the tradition - wanted caliph to be chosen SHI'ITE - believed to be prophet's appointed successor |
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Spread of Islam
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- improved mapmaking
- medical textbooks - hospitals - mathematics - astrolabe - paper-making |
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Geographic Areas, South Asia (Empires)
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OTTOMANS
- Asia Minor - capital - Instanbul SAFAVIDS - Iran - Afghanistan - capital - Baghdad MUGHOLS - India - Pakistan - capital - Delhi |
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Islamic Empires (Rise and Fall): Ottomans
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Rise: conquered Byzantine Empire, Janissaries (elite military)
Fall: politics, loss of territory, economics: difficult to support (too many imports, population growth), multiple religions |
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Islamic Empires (Rise and Fall): Safavids
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Rise: traded, foreign alliances
Fall: pressure from Ottomans, concentration of wealth, religiously intolerant, power of rising Ulamma |
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Islamic Empires (Rise and Fall): Mughols
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Rise: conquered most of India, trade flourished, peaceful and stable
Fall: Taj Mahal and other massive building campaigns, weakened by military campaigns, foreign aggression, arrival of British (British East India Company- trading, collecting taxes, officials moving inland) |
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REFORMATION
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CHAPTER 16
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Sale of Indulgences
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remission of the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory
payment |
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Catholicism
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religion that Luther wanted to break off from
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Martin Luther: Criticisms and Beliefs
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Against:
- sale of indulgences - worship of idols - pilgrimages - worldly affairs -questioned the pope and the church - created 95 Theses and posted them on the church door |
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Anabaptists
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- separated from society
- created a perfect community in imitation of Christ |
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Calvinism
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- "The Elect"
- predestination (predetermined fate) - strict moral discipline |
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English Reformation
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Henry VIII
- wanted to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon - wants more power |
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Catholic Counter Reformation: Council of Trent
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- reassert church doctrine
- selling of church offices and goods was forbidden - authority of local bishops was strengthened - people began to stray from church |
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Peace of Augsburg
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- made division of Christendom permanent
- determined that the ruler of the land could determine the religion of the land |
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Edict of Nantes: Huguenots (French Calvinists)
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gave them more rights, such as public worship
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EXPLORATION
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CHAPTER 18
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Motivations/Reasons for Explorations
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- Crusades
- Renaissance - Reformation - monarchs seeking new sources of revenue - technological advances -fame and fortune GOLD, GLORY, GOD |
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Mercantilism
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- closed government control of the economy
- export more than import - self-sufficiency - increase own wealth - keep wealth in empire |
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Spanish Conquest
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Hernan Cortes defeats the Aztecs in Mexico
Francisco Pizarro defeats Incas in Peru |
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Columbian Exchange
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interaction which involved the movement of products, animals, and diseases between Europe (Old World) and the Americas (New World)
Old World --> New World: livestock, diseases, sugar cane New World --> Old World: horses, pumpkins, corn Europeans became healthier - increase in population |
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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divided land in New World between Spain and Portugal
created by the pope |
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Transatlantic slave trade
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Europe (manufactured goods) --> Africa (enslaved Africans) --> Caribbean Islands (raw materials) --> Europe
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Consequences of slave trade in Africa
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ruined social structure
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