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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
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cultural diffusion
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spread of ideas and material culture, especially if these occur independently of population movement
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Roman Republic
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republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus".
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plebians vs. patricians
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peasants/slaves vs. elite/upperclass
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Julius Caesar
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Roman military and political leader. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Dictator for life.
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Roman Empire
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Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian.
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Franks
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a group of Germanic tribes in the early Christian era; spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire
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Constantinople/Byzantine Empire
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Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around.
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early Medieval Europe “Dark Ages”
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a period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.
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bubonic plague
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A highly contagious disease, that was fatal and otherwise known as the disease spread in Asia and Europe in 1347-1351 by the Chinese and Mongols
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Battle of Tours
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(October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain
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Charles Martel
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Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.)
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Code of chivalry
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Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'
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Crusades
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series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jersalem and establishing Christian kingdoms
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excommunication
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banishment from certain religion & Church
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absolute despotism
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Where the ruler has complete authority/power
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William the Conqueror
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Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and conquered it
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clergy
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the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion
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Vikings
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A culture originating in Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) around the mid-8th century AD were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe
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Guilds
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Western European trade associations, grew strongly in the 12th and 13th centuries to protect and promote trade groups
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Gothic architecture
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A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches
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Joan of Arc
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A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake. Joan of Arc is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
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Holy Roman Empire
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a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least, loosely organized/modeled on it)
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Hundred Years’ War
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conflict between England and France –fought over lands England possessed in France (issue of feudal rights vs. emerging claims of national states)
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manorialism
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Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord’s own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land
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fiefs
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Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms
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vassals
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Subordinate who, in exchange for land, gives loyalty
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King John
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Younger brother of King Richard, & bad king of England basically that signed the Magna Carta creating limited government and limited powers of the king.
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Parliament
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Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body
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centralized monarchy
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a monarchy whose rule included concentrated far-reaching power
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medieval
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relating to the Middle Ages
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Vassals
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members of military elite who received land or benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
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Peasant
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Agricultural worker that works land they own or rented
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Pope
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Pope in Rome had top authority, while regional churches had bishops
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feudalism
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The social organization created by exchanging grants of lands r fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service.
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Charlemagne
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Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany (800 C.E). He helped restore some church-based education in western Europe, and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovering. After death, the empire could not survive.
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Muhammad and the foundation of Islam
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In 610/earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the
five pillars |
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five pillars
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(1) “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet.” (2) Pray facing the Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka’ba.
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Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates
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Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.
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Bantu and their migrations
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To the 10th century, the wave reached the east African interior. Bantu-speaking herders in the north and farmers in the south mixed with older populations in the region. Others were moving to the African coast. Thus creating coastal trading ports. Bantu used to describe 400 diff enthnic groups in Africa, Cameroon to south Africa, which were untied by a common language (Bantu languages)
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aristocracy
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system of government with "rule by the best"
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oligarchy
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Political regime where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence).
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republics/democracies-Republic
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state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country.
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Democracy
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form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.
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theocracy
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form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role.
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slavery vs. serfdom
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were not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked. Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.
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trade routes
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sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo.
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polytheism
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belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities.
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the Ten Commandments
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list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was spoken by the god YHWH to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets.
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the Torah
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refers to the first section of the Tanakh–the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law.
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YHWH
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"Yahweh", God's name.
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Abraham
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the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham"
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Moses and the Exodus from Egypt
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Passover-Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.
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Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)
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encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion.
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Karma
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the law behind reincarnation
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Dharma
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cosmic ethnics
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Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
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The Creator, The Preserver, The Destroyer.
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Buddhism
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religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand.
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Siddhartha Gautama
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Buddha; founder of Buddhism.
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nirvana
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not a place nor a state, it is an absolute truth to be realized, and a person can do so without dying.
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Tao
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could be described as the continuity principle behind the whole process of the constantly changing Universe.
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mosque
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A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith
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compass
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Device used to determine geographic direction
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abacus
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A calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods
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Jesus of Nazareth
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Son of God
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the Bible (Old and New Testament)
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Holy text of Christianity.
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Islam (the Qur’ran)
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"the submission to God" is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the world's second largest religion.
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Allah
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God's name in Islam.
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Muslims
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People who believe and follow the Islamic religion
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Mohammed
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Last prophet of God.
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Mecca
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The city is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go
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the Kaaba
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building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). The mosque has been built around the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam.
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Sunni versus Shiite
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Sunnis believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect, the Shia, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom.
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Ali
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The 4th caliph; the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman
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Qur’an
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the holy book of Islam… recitations of revelations received by Muhammad
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mawali
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non-arab converts to Islam
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hijrah
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Mohammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina
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vernacular languages
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the native language of a particular locality
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Great Schism
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Divide of the Christian church whereby for a time there were two popes
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Patriarch
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a man who rules a family, clan or tribe
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Roman Catholic Church
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The Christian church characterized by an episcopal hierarchy with the pope as its head and belief in seven sacraments and the authority of tradition
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