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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neolithic Era
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New Stone Age
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foraging societies
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Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal
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nomadic hunters/gatherers
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Move place to place according to environment; adapts to environment
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Neolithic Revolution
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Farming uses; start of agriculture
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nomadic pastoralism
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Slash-and-burn; once land is depleted, moved on to let soil recover
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irrigation systems
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replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops
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ethnocentrism
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to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture
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foraging
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Looking for food
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sedentary agriculture
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Domestication of plants and animals
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slash-and-burn agriculture
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Trees cut down, plots made for agriculture
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cultural diffusion
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spread of ideas and material culture, especially if these occur independently of population movement
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Fertile Crescent
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a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey.
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Hammurabi’s Law Code
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First set of defined laws within a civilization.
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pyramids
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tombs for egyptian kings
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hieroglyphics
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system of writing used by the Ancient Egyptians, using a combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements.
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Indus valley civilization
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an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa
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The Hebrews and monotheism-descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber
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were people who lived in the Levant, which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh.
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the Phoenicians and the alphabet
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enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. First form of language.
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Greek city
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states-region controlled exclusively by Greek, and usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete
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democracy
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form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.
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Persian Wars
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a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.
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Peloponnesian War
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began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth.
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Alexander the Great
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United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire
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Hellenism
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shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of various ethnicities, and from the political dominance of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. In this period the traditional Greek culture was changed by strong Eastern influences, especially Persian, in aspects of religion and government. Cultural centers shifted away from mainland Greece, to Pergamon, Rhodes, Antioch and Alexandria.
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Homer
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legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey
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Socrates and Plato
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Greek philosopher from Athens, drank poison. Student of Soc.
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Aristotle
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Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, government, and biology. teacher of Alexander the Great.
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Roman Republic
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republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus".
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plebians vs. patricians
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peasants/slaves vs. elite/upperclass
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Punic Wars
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series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage. Reason: clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence.
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Julius Caesar
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Roman military and political leader. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Dictator for life.
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Roman Empire
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Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian.
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Franks
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a group of Germanic tribes in the early Christian era; spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire
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Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties
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First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. First of 'centralized' China.
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Shi Huangdi
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king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor.
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the Silk Road
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interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel.
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Indian caste system
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system was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions.
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Ashoka
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of the Mauryan empire from 273 BC to 232 BC. A convert to Buddhism.
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Constantinople/Byzantine Empire
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Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around.
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Justinian-r. 527 - 565 CE
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the Eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore the unity of the old Roman Empire. He issued the most famous compilation of Roman Law. He was unable to maintain a hold in Italy and lost the provinces of north Africa. It was the last effort to restore the Mediterranean unity.
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early Medieval Europe “Dark Ages”
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a period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.
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bubonic plague
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A highly contagious disease, that was fatal and otherwise known as the disease spread in Asia and Europe in 1347-1351 by the Chinese and Mongols
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Battle of Tours
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(October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain
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Charles Martel
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Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.)
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Code of chivalry
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Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'
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Crusades
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series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jersalem and establishing Christian kingdoms
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excommunication
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banishment from certain religion & Church
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absolute despotism
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Where the ruler has complete authority/power
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William the Conqueror
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Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and conquered it
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clergy
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the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion
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Vikings
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A culture originating in Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) around the mid-8th century AD were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe
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Guilds
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Western European trade associations, grew strongly in the 12th and 13th centuries to protect and promote trade groups
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Gothic architecture
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A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches
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Joan of Arc
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A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake. Joan of Arc is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
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Holy Roman Empire
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a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least, loosely organized/modeled on it)
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Hundred Years’ War
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conflict between England and France –fought over lands England possessed in France (issue of feudal rights vs. emerging claims of national states)
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manorialism
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Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord’s own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land
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fiefs
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Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms
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vassals
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Subordinate who, in exchange for land, gives loyalty
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King John
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Younger brother of King Richard, & bad king of England basically that signed the Magna Carta creating limited government and limited powers of the king.
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Parliament
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Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body
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centralized monarchy
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a monarchy whose rule included concentrated far-reaching power
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medieval
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relating to the Middle Ages
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Vassals
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members of military elite who received land or benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
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Peasant
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Agricultural worker that works land they own or rented
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Pope
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Pope in Rome had top authority, while regional churches had bishops
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feudalism
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The social organization created by exchanging grants of lands r fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service.
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Charlemagne
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Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany (800 C.E). He helped restore some church-based education in western Europe, and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovering. After death, the empire could not survive.
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Muhammad and the foundation of Islam
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In 610/earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the
five pillars |
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five pillars
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(1) “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet.” (2) Pray facing the Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka’ba.
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Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates
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Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.
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Bantu and their migrations
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To the 10th century, the wave reached the east African interior. Bantu-speaking herders in the north and farmers in the south mixed with older populations in the region. Others were moving to the African coast. Thus creating coastal trading ports. Bantu used to describe 400 diff enthnic groups in Africa, Cameroon to south Africa, which were untied by a common language (Bantu languages)
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aristocracy
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system of government with "rule by the best"
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oligarchy
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Political regime where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence).
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republics/democracies-Republic
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state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country.
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Democracy
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form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.
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theocracy
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form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role.
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slavery vs. serfdom
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were not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked. Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.
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trade routes
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sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo.
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polytheism
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belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities.
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the Ten Commandments
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list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was spoken by the god YHWH to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets.
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the Torah
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refers to the first section of the Tanakh–the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law.
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YHWH
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"Yahweh", God's name.
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Abraham
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the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham"
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Moses and the Exodus from Egypt
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Passover-Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.
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Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)
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encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion.
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samsara, karma, dharma-Samsara
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transmigration of soul from one body to another
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Karma
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the law behind reincarnation
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Dharma
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cosmic ethnics
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Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
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The Creator, The Preserver, The Destroyer.
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Buddhism
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religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand.
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Four Noble Truths
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fundamental insight or enlightenment of Sakyamuni Buddha (the historical Buddha), which led to the formulation of the Buddhist philosophy.
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Eightfold Path
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way to the cessation of suffering, the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths.
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Siddhartha Gautama
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Buddha; founder of Buddhism.
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nirvana
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not a place nor a state, it is an absolute truth to be realized, and a person can do so without dying.
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Daoism
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set of philosophical teachings and religious practices rooted in a specific metaphysical understanding of the Chinese character Tao.
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Tao
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could be described as the continuity principle behind the whole process of the constantly changing Universe.
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Confucianism
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an East Asian ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius.
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Laozi
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Founder/teacher of taoism.
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Analects
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record of speeches by Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.
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K’ung Fu-tzu (Confucius)
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Teacher/founder of Confucianism.
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Mandate of Heaven
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blessing of Heaven and that if a king ruled unwisely, Heaven would be displeased and would give the Mandate to someone else.
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Dynasty
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a family/group that maintains power for several generations
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Genghis Khan
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(1170s – 1227) from 1206 khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions
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Golden Horde
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one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan’s death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia
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Bedouins
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Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region
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mosque
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A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith
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Silk Road
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number of trade routes from East Asia to Eastern Europe, one of the trade commodities was silk
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scholar gentry
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elite, educated bureaucrats who ran the centralized gov’t pf China
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calligraphy
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writing art form
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footbinding as metaphor
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The societal restrictions imposed upon women as families became wealthier, women status lowered
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Yuan dynasty
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1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China
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Kublai Khan
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Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271
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Marco Polo
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A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan
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Mongol
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Central asian nomadic people; spread all over asia and Europe spreading their empire while pillaging
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Song
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Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Jurchen tribes
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Tang
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dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E… more stable than the previous dynasty
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Tatars
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Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state
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Wu Zhao
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Empress in China; supported Buddhism
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junk
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Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders. Played major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
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compass
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Device used to determine geographic direction
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abacus
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A calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods
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movable type
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invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century
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landscape painting
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Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interest in nature’s beauty
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samurai
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Japanese feudal military leaders, rough equivalent of Western knights
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khanates
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region ruled under a khan, divided kingdoms under the mongol empire
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Kievan Russia
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early east Slavic state, dominated by city of kiev
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steppes
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a vast semiarid grass-covered plain, found in southeast Europe and Mongolia
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Neo-Confucianism
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a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Daoists and Buddhists, severe Confucianism
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Khan
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Mongol ruler
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Middle Kingdom
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What China called itself. Idea of ethnocentrism by the Chinese
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Ming dynasty
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Dynasy after Yuan founded by Zhu Yuanjhan
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Pax Mongolica
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Mongols brought peace to almost the entire Asian continent because they tolerated and encouraged diversity, especially religions
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Jesus of Nazareth
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Son of God
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the Bible (Old and New Testament)
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Holy text of Christianity.
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Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054)
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reflecting its claim to be the preserver of the original Christian traditions as well as those established by the church during the first 1000 years of its existence; maintain a belief that their episcopate can be traced directly back to the Apostles
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Islam (the Qur’ran)
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"the submission to God" is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the world's second largest religion.
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Allah
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God's name in Islam.
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Muslims
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People who believe and follow the Islamic religion
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Mohammed
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Last prophet of God.
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Mecca
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The city is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go
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the Kaaba
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building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). The mosque has been built around the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam.
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Medina (the Hegira)
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Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca. Its importance as a religious site derives from the presence there of the Shrine of the Prophet Mohammad by Masjid al-Nabawi or the Mosque of the Prophet
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Sunni versus Shiite
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Sunnis believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect, the Shia, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom.
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Ali
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The 4th caliph; the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman
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Qur’an
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the holy book of Islam… recitations of revelations received by Muhammad
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mawali
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non-arab converts to Islam
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hajj
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Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
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Moors
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The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb. They captured Spain in 700s, and were expelled from Spain in 1492
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hijrah
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Mohammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina
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People of the Book
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(dhimmi) Christians and Jews who shared the Bible with Muslims, could be taxed by Muslims
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Ramadan
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Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset
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zakat
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obligatory tax for Muslims used for charity
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sultan
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Islamic title, used for rulers of the muslim country
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Mamluks
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Arabic word for “owned”, slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire
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Czar
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male monarch/emperor of Russia
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Dome of the Rock
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Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven
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Hagia Sophia
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large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian
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Ivan the Terrible
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Ivan IV, confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars(aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture
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Justinian Code
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Compilation of Roman law
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St. Cyril
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a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans… converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity…responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic
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Cyrillic alphabet
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an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages
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dome
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a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere
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vernacular languages
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the native language of a particular locality
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Great Schism
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Divide of the Christian church whereby for a time there were two popes
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Patriarch
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a man who rules a family, clan or tribe
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Greek Orthodox Church
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The state church of Greece, an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church
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Roman Catholic Church
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The Christian church characterized by an episcopal hierarchy with the pope as its head and belief in seven sacraments and the authority of tradition
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iconoclastic controversy
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religious controversy with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons
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metropolitan
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a big city with a large population
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