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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nebuchadnezzer
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The Chaldeans conquered most of the Fertile Crescent under his rule. He governed from the rebuilt city of Babylon from 605 B.C. untill his death in 562 B.C. Under him Babylon once again became a large and weathy city.Trade flourished. All the strengths of the Chadeans layed in the hands of Nebuchadnezzer. After he died the Chaldeans had difficulties. Within 30 years of his death, the Chaldean empire fell.
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Surplus of food
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Producing of extra food. Which helps support more people to allow population to expand.
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Culture
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Beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that a group of people acquire by living together
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Pharoahs
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A pharaoh is the title of a ruler in Egypt. Pharaohs held absolute, or unlimited, power. They not only led the government, but they also served as judges, high priests, and generals of the armies.
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Indo Arians
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Nomadic people who came from north of the Black and Caspian Seas. They were sheep and cattle herders as well as skilled warriors drawn into northern India by the region's rich pasturelands.
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Ancient Sumer/ city-states
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People who settled in the lower part of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. Used metal and had developed a kind of writhing called Pictographs, or picture writing. Sumerians wrote by pressing marks into clay tablets. Writers used a wedge-shaped tool called a stylus. Today we call Sumerian writing cuneiform. Sumerians had about 600 cuneiform signs. The Arch was invened by them. and striking ziggurat temples made of baked brick. First people to develop and use a wheel. In math used a number system based on 60. Sumerians also created their own lunar calender. Sumerians developed a form of community called a city-state: A city-state included a town or city and the surrounding land controlled by it. City-states rarely united under one government and people believed that much of the land in each city state belonged to one or more gods.
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Hinduism
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Hinduism is a diverse religion found primarily in India. There is variation in local practices and the worship of particular deities. However, there are central tenants that unify it as one religion. The core of Hinduism is the belief in Brahman, the underlying universal life force that encompasses and embodies existence. According to Hindu scriptures, one's ignorance of the true nature of the self (atman) as one with Brahman is what traps one in the cycle of endless death and reincarnation (samsara). Thus, the highest goal of Hinduism is liberation (moksha) from the karmic cycle of death and rebirth.
Hindus are very conscious of the paradoxes that make up the universe. Siva is simultaneously the creator, maintainer, and destroyer of life. All phenomena is a constant interplay between hot and cold, male and female, light and dark. Vedic medicine teaches that keeping these opposing forces in balance is central to the maintenance of bodily, social, and cosmic well-being. However, Hinduism is much more than an esoteric practice. For the millions of people who practice this religion, it is a way of life that encompasses family, society, politics, business, art, and health behaviors. The sacred scriptures contain instructions on all these aspects of life and have a strong influence on art and drama. While the practices of yoga are a well-known aspect of Hinduism, family life is also considered a sacred duty. Most households have a shrine to a particular deity. Women conduct a household puja, the offering of fruit, raw rice, flowers, incense, and other items to the deity, on a regular basis. Visitors may be invited to join the puja on occasion, making it a communal event. After the food has been offered it is considered to have been spiritually consumed and blessed by the deity's power. It is then redistributed and consumed by the participants as a way of receiving the deity's blessings. The belief that one's karma determines one's birth in the next life has supported the structure of the caste system in India, made up of four varnas that determine one's occupation: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (nobles and warriors), Vaishyas (commoners) and Sudras (servants). Though the former colonial government officially abolished the caste system and implemented affirmative action policies to rectify imbalances in wealth and education, there are still socioeconomic advantages to belonging to a higher caste. The hierarchy of caste is a contested subject. While the concept of caste is supported in certain scriptures, there is evidence in the Upanisads that Brahmanhood is attained by depth of learning rather than birth. The tradition of bhakti (devotion) is sometimes an expression of criticism against caste and other practices such as image worship. Bhakti is associated with devotional poems composed across all social classes and emphasizes loving God over any practice or doctrine. |
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Prehistory
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The period before history was written down.
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Written language
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As civilizations were starting to trade goods and develop rules for living and working they needed a new form of communication. People needed written language to keep and pass on information and ideas. [history begins to be recorded]
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3 kingdoms
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From the time of Menes untill almost 300 B.C., some 30 dynasties ruled Egypt. Historians divide this time into 3 kingdoms: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.
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Akkadians
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People, who in 2330 B.C., attacked and conquered the Sumerians. They spoke a Semitic language related to modern Arabic and Hebrew. Sargon, who ruled from about 2334 B.C to 2279 B.C., was the most powerfull Akkadian king. He established a grear empire that reached as far west as the Mediterranean Sea. The Akkadian empire lasted about 150 years. When it ended, Sumerian city-states once again prospered.
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Fertile River Valley
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The river valley civilizations moved humans out of the Stone Age. People developed family roles and religious beliefs that related to their farming-based cultures. Uses of Iron and bronze tools. Women managed the family. cared for children, prepare food, made clothes, and probally invented pottery and weaving. People believed in many gods and goddesses in unseen forces of nature. believed they controlled weather. prayed and praised.
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Chaldeans
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Took control of much of the territory that the Assyrians had ruled. Under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar they conquered most of the fertile Crescent. Chaldeans were skilled astronomers. They kept careful records of the apparent movement of the stars and planets and could predict solar and lunar eclipses. They caculated the length of a year with a very high degree of accuracy. All the strengths of the Chadeans layed in the hands of Nebuchadnezzer. After he died the Chaldeans had difficulties. Within 30 years of his death, the Chaldean empire fell
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Division of labor
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As methods of farming improved, fewer people had to work fields. Some people could specialize in other kinds of work, or division of labor.
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Moses
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Great leader who led the Hebrews out of slavery. The biblical books of Exodus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy tell the story of Moses. According to the Bible, Moses led the Exodus, the escape of the Hebrews through Egypt. As the Bible tells is, Moses climbed to the top of Mount Sinai. When he eturned to the Hebrews, he carried tablets bearing the Ten Commandments. Moses announced that Canaan was a land promised to his ancestors. He also said that Yahweh had sent him to found a holy nation.
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History
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The study of the past, with special attention to the written record of the activities of human beings over time
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Religion
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In early days of Egyptian civilization, many villages had their own local god or gods. These gods often had an animal symbol that people considered sacred. Sacred animals included the cat, the bull, the crocodile, and the scarab beetle. Some gods came to be worshiped by people throughout Egypt. The most important god was Amon, the creator, identified with the sun. Osiris, judged people after death, also associated withh the Nile River. Isis was Osiris's wife and the goddess of the royal throne.
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Assyrians
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A Semitic-speaking pople from northern Mesopotamia. As early as the 200s B.C. they had settles the city of Ashur on the upper Tigris River and adopted many elements of Sumerian culture. For centuries they had been dominated by others. They briefly established an empire of their own in the 1300s B.C. but was soon overrun by nomadic migrations. Gradually recovered and began to dominate the area of southwest Asia. At its height the mighty empire included all of mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and the Nile Valley. Were fierce, active warriors. Fist to use chariots and soldiers on horseback. Used terror to control enemies. Frequently enslaved the people they conquered and killed captured enemy soldiers. About 700 B.C. they captured Babylon, looted it and then destroyed it compleately. One of first people to effectively govern a large empire. Their king had total power. Nineveh was capital. One of first librarys was located there. In 612 B.C. a group of enemies led by the Chaldeans and the Medes captured and destroyed Nineveh.
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Lydians
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In ancient times the western portion or Asia Minor was called Lydia. They did not create empire however they made an extremely inportant contribuiton. They are first people to use coin money Before coins were invented in 600 B.C. barter was used.
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4 noble truths
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1.] All human life involves suffering and sorrow
2.] The desire for a life of pleasure and material gain causes suffering and sorrow. 3.] Renouncing desire frees people from suffering and helps their souls attain nirvana 4.] The Eightfold Path leads to renunciation, or denial of desire and attainment of nirvana. |
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Hittites
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Warlike people who invaded the Tigris-Euphrates Valley from Asia Minor some time in the 1600s B.C. They conquered and looted the city of Babylon. To far from home to control so eventually withdrew to the western part of the Fertile Crescent. Were among the first people to smelt iron. Most important achievement may have been their laws and government. Remained a powerfull force till about 1200 B.C., when the entire region began to be hit by invasions from the Sea Peoples.
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Monsoons
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Winds that mark the seasons in India. From noveber untill march monsoons blow from north to northeast. Any moisture they carry falls onto the northern slopes of the Himalayas. Little rain falls on India during this season.
Wet season, called the southwest monsoon occurs from mid-June through October. Heavy rain falls this time. Study Time: 15:37 |
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Brahmins
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preachers of Dharma in Hinduism.It is said to occupy the highest position among the four varnas of Hinduism
The English word brahmin is an anglicised form of the Sanskrit word Brāhmana (Brāhman also refers to a mystical concept in Hinduism) |
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Zoroastrianism
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In about 600 B.C., a great prophet names Zoroaster changed the Persian religious outlook. He tought that on earth people recieve training for a future life. He said that in the world the forces of good and evil would battle one another. People must choose between them. Those who choose good would be rewarded and with eternal blessings; those who choose evil would face punishment. In the distant future, the forces of good would triumph. Then Earth would disappear. The teachings of Zoroaster are known as Zoroastrianism. The central beliefs of this religion--the universal struggle between good and evil and the idea of final judgment- have a great impact on history. Among the many great religions that Zoroastrianism probably influenced were Judaism and, later, Christianity.
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Dharma and Karma
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may be seen as an ultimate and transcendent truth which is utterly beyond worldly things, somewhat like the Christian logos, seeing the dharma as referring to the "truth" or ultimate reality or "the way things are".
means "action" or "doing"; whatever one does, says, or thinks is a karma. In Buddhism, the term karma is used specifically for those actions which spring from : mental intent (Pali: cetana) mental obsessions |
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King Menes
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A king of Upper Egypt that united all of Egypt into one kingdom. Menes founded a dynasty, of family of rulers. Menes and his successors gained new territory. They also improved irrigation and trade, making Egypt wealthier. From the timt of Menes untill almost 30B.C., some 30 dynasties rules Egypt.
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Abraham
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Acording to the Bible, the founder of the Hebrew people. Abraham once lived in Sumer. He left there and led his people through the desert to the borders of northern Canaan. Modern Jews trace their heritage through Abraham's grandson Jacob, whose twelve sons established a tribe.
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Solomon
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Davids son who ruled Israel to reach the height of its wealth and power. He fought to build peaceful, cooperative relations with the other leading powers of the region. One of his wives was a daughter of Egypt's pharaoh. He Vastly increased Israel's weath through favorable trade policies with Arabia. After his death unity within the Israelite kingdom was disrupted by struggles for political power.
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Buddhism
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One of worlds greatest religions that arose in India.
Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religion and is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" Among the methods various schools of Buddhism apply towards this goal are: ethical conduct and altruistic behaviour, devotional practices, ceremonies and the invocation of bodhisattvas, renunciation of worldly matters, meditation, physical exercises, study, and the cultivation of wisdom. Buddhism is broadly recognized as being composed of two major branches: Theravada, which has a widespread following in Southeast Asia Mahayana (including Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren and Vajrayana), found throughout East Asia. It should be noted that in some methods of classification, Vajrayana is considered a third branch. While Buddhism remains most popular within these regions of Asia, both branches are now found throughout the world. Study Time: 18:07 |
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Gupta Rulers
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In the A.D. 300s the Gupta family came to power in India.
Chandra Gupta 1, the founder of the Gupta Empire, took power in A.D. 320. Chandra Gupta 2 [A.D. 374-514] - society prospered. Under last rulers great empire became weakened. |
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Nile RIver
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For many thousands of years, the geography of Egypt has been dominated by the mighty Nile River. The Nile is the longest river in the world, stretching about 4,160 miles. The river flows from south to north making it possible for early people to move goods upland. Natural route for transportation, as well as a seemingly endless supply of life-giving water. Ancient Egyptians built their civilization along a 750-mile stretch of the Nile. But also north to south winds enabled boats to sail southward on the river. Also has an annual cycle of month-long flooding.
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Irrigation
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System of ditches and canals that transports water from a source into an agricultural field. Led to more and better food, which then led to increase in population.
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Culture region
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places and regions provide the essence of geography. A culture region is a geographical unit based on characteristics and functions of culture. Three types of culture regions are recognized by geographers: formal, functional, and vernacular.
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David
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The second King of the 12 Hebrew tribes after Saul. David formed a new dynasty. He conquered the village of Jerusalem, making it a capital and religious center. Also beginning with David, the kings of Israel established a tradition of making a covenant with their people as well as with god.
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Artifacts
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Objects made and used by early humans; can consist of: tools, clothing, works of art, weapons, and toys
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Afterlife
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At first, Egyptians believed only pharaohs had an afterlife, or life after death. Later, Egyptians believed that everyone, including animals, had an afterlife. They believed that in afterlife a person was judged. The person's heart, which would tell weather a person had lied, murdered, or been to proud, was weighed on a great scale against a sacred feather, the symbol of truth. If the scale balanced, the heart had told the truth. It could now could then enter a place of eternal happiness. If the scale did not balance, the heart was thrown to a horrible monster called the Eater of the Dead. Egyptians believed that the boddy had to be preserved to make life after death possible. To do this, they developed a process called mummification. Organs were removed from the body, which was then treated with chemicals. This process was preserved the body for centuries. Workers placed the mummy in a tomb stocked with clothing, food, tools, and weapons. They even included painted figures that represented servants. The number and value of the objects in the tomb depended on the importance of the dead person. The Egyptians considered the objects necessary for use in the afterlife. In later years, scrolls know as the BOOK OF THE DEAD were placed in the tomb to serve as a kind of guide to the afterlife.
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Government
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Different forms of leadership emerged to help societies to run. These were the first governments. Governments made rules to guide people's behavior. Having rules helped people plan, direct, and regulate their work. Government leaders made and enforced the rules.
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Characteristics of a civilization
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A civilization is a complex culture that has at least three characteristics: 1.) People are able to produce surplus, or extra food. 2.) People establish large towns or cities with some form of government. 3.) People preform different jobs, instead of each persson doing all kinds of work.
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Babylonian Captivity
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The Persians conquered Babylon in 539 B.C. In about 550 B.C. Cyrus then captured Babylon and took over the rest of the Fertile Crescent and Asia Minor.
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Sidddartha Guatama
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Founder of Buddhism. He became known as the Buddha, or "the Enlightened One." Lived life of luxury untill one day he wondered out of his palace and discovered challenges and tragedies. Left his life and devoted his life to searching for truth and meaning. After six years of searching he felt he finally understood the truth that forms the basis of life.
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Stone Ages
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The Period of prehistory that begins with the development of stone tools. Broken up into: Old stone age [paleolithic], Middle Stone Age [Mesolithic], And the New Stone Age [Neolithic].
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Fertile Crescent
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A strip of fertile land that begins at the Isthmus of Suez and arcs through Southwest Asia to the persian Gulf. The land within the crescent-shaped area is so well suited to farming that it is known as the Fertile Crescent. Between 5000 B.C. and 4000 B.C., Neolithic farmers began to build an identifiable civilization in the Fertile Crescent. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are major eographical features of the Fertile Crescent.
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Climate
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Sunny, frost-free climate made it easy to grow many kinds of crops. Also the north wind that blows from the Mediterranean Sea upstream into the Nile Valley allows boats on the Nile River to either travel upstream with the wind or row downstream with the current.
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Cultural diffusion
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Spread of culture from one area of the world to another
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Persians
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The Persians conquered Babylon in 539 B.C. They spoke an Indo-European language. Early Persian kings were effective rulers as well as great generals. Showed a great concern for justice. Collected taxes and administered law fairly. Believed in a religion very very much like that of christanity- called zoroaterism. In 331 B.C. the Persian Army suffered a final defeat at the hands of the Greek forces of Alexander the Great.
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Mauryan Empire
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As Magadha was declining, a powerful young adventurer named Chandragupta Maurya appeared on the scene. He established the Mauryan Empire. The Mauryans ruled for almost 150 years.
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Khyber Pass
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One of a few paths that permitted people to cross the mountians into India.
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Calendars
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Created for farmers to know when the yearly floods would start and stop. One way to regard the time from flood to flood was a year. That year was divided according to the phases of the moon. The time from one full moon the the next was a month. But because of lunar month the moon-based calendars fell about 11 days short of time it took earth to rotate around the sun.
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8 fold path
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1. Right view
2. Right intention 3. Right speech 4. Right action 5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right concentration |
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Rivers and geography
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Indian subcontinent extends southward from central Asia into the Indian Ocean.
Seperated in the north from the rest of Asia by towering mountain ranges. Himalayas: include the highest peaks in the world. Mountains make it hard for immigrants and invaders to enter India by land. 2 great rivers lie south of the northern mountains. Ganges River: flows to the southeast through a fertile valley. In the west, Indus River: flows southwest across a drier plain. Region drained by these two rivers: called the Indo-Gangetic Plain. To south of rivers: A high plateau called the Deccan, makes up much of the interior of the subcontinent. To west of plateau: the Western Ghats: mountian range that rises abruptly from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. |
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Pyramids
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The Old Kingdom built the largest pyramids. Structures still stand as symbols of the glory of Egyptian civilization. Pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs. About 80 pyramids still stand, most of which are clustered in groups along the west bank of the Nile. Building the pyramids required great skill. Egyptians architects and engineers ranked among the best in the ancient world. Historians believe the engineers built ramps and levers, which were used by thousands of workers to move the heavy stones.
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Babylonians
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Arose from the ending of Akkadians empire. Hammurabi came to power in about 1792 B.C. He conquered most of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. More than just a great military leader he was also an outstanding political leader and law maker. Was best know for the Code of Hammurabi: a collection of about 282 complied under his direction. Contained some ideas that are still found in law codes today. In some ways Babylonian culture resembeled that of the Sumerians, most people farmed. The Babylonians adopted many sumerian religious beliefs.
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Caste System
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A complex form of aocial organization that began to take shape after the Indo-Aryan migration.
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Agricultural Revolution
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The Shift from food gathering to food producing.
Consists of the stone ages where people began to develop tools and weapons. Began to tame animals. Ang people began to develop agriculture - the raising of crops for food - |
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Magadha Empire
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Magadha formed one of the sixteen regions in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagaha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. It is also heavily mentioned in Buddhist and Jain texts. The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats as despised peoples. Two of India's major religions started from Magadha; two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.
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Phoenecians
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The Phoenicians sailed in ships that today would seem small an frail, but their sailors were highly skilled. They became the greatest traders in the ancient world. Important natural resource: lumber. Also developed several valuable exports as well. Became skilled workers in metal. Invented art of glassblowing. Made purple dye. The Phoenicians imated the culturrs of other people. Their government and customs resembled those of the Egyptians and Babylonians. Believed in afterlife. The phoenician alphabet was a big contribution to the world.
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Hebrews
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Group of people who lived in Canaan. Canaan is a small strip of land that lays to the south of Phoeninia. Hebrews are the ancestors of modern Jews. They had a great influence on the region and on the history of the world.
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Nebuchadnezzer
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The Chaldeans conquered most of the Fertile Crescent under his rule. He governed from the rebuilt city of Babylon from 605 B.C. untill his death in 562 B.C. Under him Babylon once again became a large and weathy city.Trade flourished. All the strengths of the Chadeans layed in the hands of Nebuchadnezzer. After he died the Chaldeans had difficulties. Within 30 years of his death, the Chaldean empire fell.
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