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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reformation
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Religious revolt against authority and certain doctrine of Roman Catholic Church: Produced protestant sects; Shattered Catholic religious unity; Diversified Christianity
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Wordliness
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Luxurious and materialistic life of some popes
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Simony
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Selling appointments to church offices
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Sale of Indulgence
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Accepting money for church pardons
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Babylonian Captivity
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1309 - 1377; Period when popes lived at Avignon, France under domination of French kings
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Western Schism
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1378 - 1417; Period when rival popes at Avignon and Rome claimed to be true pope and struggled for church supremacy
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John Wycliffe
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1328? 1384; English priest and early reform figure; Condemned wealth and worldliness of church; denied popes religious supremacy; Translated Bible into English
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Lollards
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Followers of John Wycliffe; Often persecuted by church authorities
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John Huss
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1369 - 1415; Czech religious leader advocated against wealth and worldliness of church; Arrested and tried as heretic and burned at the stake
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Hussites
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Followers of John Huss
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Desiderius Erasmus
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1466? - 1536; Dutch humanist scholar; Attacked church abuses but remained faithful catholic; Plead for internal reform
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Martin Luther
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1483 - 1546; German; 1517, nailed 95 theses to door of church at Wittenberg; Denied popes supermacy, proclaimed bible as final authority in religious affairs, translated bible into German; Excommunicated by pope and punished by Charles V, king of spain and current holy roman emperor; Founder of new religion: Lutheranism
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Doctrine of Justification by Faith
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Martin Luther; Faith alone ensures salvation
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Scandinavia and Lutheranism
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Norway, Sweden and Denmark converted to Lutheranism; Established as official state religion; Confiscated church properties; 16th century, almost all scandinavia is lutheran
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Ulrich Zwingli
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1484 - 1531; Swiss priest reformer; taught bible, not pope is supreme religious authority; Converted swiss cantons (districts) to protestantism
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John Calvin
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1509 - 1564; French religious reformer; Wrote: Institutes of the Christian Religion; Leading protestant spokesman; Taught doctrine of predestination - only those elected beforehand by God would achieve salvation; Moral lives determined predestination for salvation
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Swiss Reformed Church
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Institutional embodiment of Calvinism
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Dutch Reformed Church
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Institutional embodiment of Calvanism
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Presbyterian Church
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Scottish institutional embodiment of Calvanism
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Huguenots
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French small but influential middle class group that adopted Calvanism
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Puritans
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English Calvanists
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John Knox
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1505 - 1572; Scottish reformer and follower of Calvin which helped establish Presbyterianism as official religion of Scotland
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Act of Supremacy
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1534; Henry VIII passes this law which instituted Anglican Church of England, independent of Rome and under leadership of English ruler
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Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation
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Catholic church takes number of actions to defend itself against Protestant movement
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Council of Trent
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1545 - 1563; Church council reaffirms basic Catholic doctrines: papal supremacy, exclusive Church authority to interpret Bible; Prohibited Church abuses; Required clergy to renounce worldly pleasures; Authorized Index of heretical books forbidden to Catholics
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Holy Inquisition
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13th century; church vigorously combats heretics which in Italy and Spain helps stop spread of Protestantism
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Society of Jesus
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1534; Leading spiritual soldiers fighting Protestantism and preserve Catholicism in Poland, southern Germany and Belgium; Gained new converts in India, China, Japan and North America
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Ignatius Loyola
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1534; Founded Jesuit order designed to fight Protestantism
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Countries predominantly Catholic
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Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, Ireland, southern Germany, Austria, Poland and Hungry
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Countries predominantly Protestant
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England, Scotland, Wales, Holland, northern Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden
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Main Protestant denominations
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Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican; Later Methodists and Baptists
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Peace of Augsburg
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Compromise that stopped several civil wars between Catholic and Lutheran rulers in Germany; Permitted German rulers to choose for themselves and their people either Catholicism or Lutheranism
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Dutch War Against Spain
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Protestant Dutch revolt against Catholic ruler, Philip II of Spain
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William of Orange
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Led Dutch revolt against Spanish forces; 1581, declares political religious independence
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Spanish Naval War Against England
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1588; Philip II of Spain amasses naval fleet, Spanish Armada, to protect Spain against rising England under Elizabeth I; English navy destroys armada and is quashed
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Henry of Navarre
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1589; French protestant becomes King Henry IV; Adopted Catholicism as predominant French religion
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Edict of Nantes
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1598; King Henry IV grants religious freedom to Protestant minority in France (the Huguenots)
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Thirty Years' War
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1618 - 1648; Bloodiest war of the period; Catholic Bourbon rulers of France opposed Catholic Hapsburg rulers of Austria and Spain; Bourbons hoping to extend power and gain land at Hapsburg expense supported Protestant cause of Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus
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King Gustavus Adolphus
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Outstanding Swedish protestant military leader
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Hugo Grotius
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Dutch scholar, shocked by 30 years war wrote Law of War and Peace - considered foundation of modern international law
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Toleraction Act
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1689; Anglican English extend religious freedom to most other Protestants
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