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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enlightenment
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Movement of intellectuals using rational thought and scientific thinking to make progress toward a better society
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Scientific Revolution
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New way of thinking about the natural world based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs
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Realism vs. Romanticism
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Realism: Use of real, ordinary characters in art/close observation and precise description in novels
Romanticism: Use of romantic heroes in exotic settings where fantasy and imagination are used to write poems |
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What is the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric theories?
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-Geocentric theory, created by Aristotle, stated that the Earth was the center of the universe
-Heliocentric theory, supported by Galileo, Copernicus, and Kepler, stated that the sun was the center of the universe. |
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Commonwealth
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Republic
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Divine Right
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Belief that monarchs receive power from God and are responsible only to God
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What was Parliament, and what was its desire?
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Government consisting of a body of representatives, wanted to limit the monarch's power and get more rights for the people
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Absolute Monarchy
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Ultimate authority in hands of monarch who ruled by divine right
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Limited (Constitutional) Monarchy
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Monarch limited by representative assembly, must rule in accordance with laws
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English Civil War
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Parliament vs. Royalists. War to abolish monarchy which Parliament wins.
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Whigs
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Party of Parliament/Roundheads/Anti-royalists
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Tories
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Party of King/Cavaliers/Royalists
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What was the glorious revolution and what were the results?
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William and Mary invaded England and drove out King James II, his wife, and his son to France because they did not like that he was Catholic. In result, William and Mary claimed the throne and passed the Bill of Rights. The government became a constitutional monarchy, in which the King and Parliament work in accordance.
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Petition of Rights
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Parliament would only give Charles I money if he signed Petition of Rights:
1. No forced loans 2. No tax without consent 3. No imprisonment without cause (no inhouse soldiers) 4. Stop arbitrary rule |
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Writ of Habeas Corpus
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Tories had to accept the Habeas Corpus Act:
1. Basic right to trial 2. No arbitrary arrest (for opposing the leader) 3. "Writ" It was illegal to hold anyone without trial or a charge |
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Bill of Rights
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William and Mary signed the Bill of Rights in 1689:
1. Made Parliament stronger than the monarch 2. Declaration of Rights of Man 3. King can't suspend laws or tax without consent 4. Act of Tolerance |
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Declaration of Rights of Man
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-no cruel or unusual punishment
-trial by jury |
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Act of Tolerance
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Freedom of election, debate, etc. for protestants
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Magna Carta
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First document to restrict King's powers and protect people's rights, enforced that King must also adhere to law
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Hobbes
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-wrote "Leviathan"
-people naturally selfish and ambitious -absolute monarchy -social contract |
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Locke
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-wrote "Two Treatises of Government"
-government should protect rights of people -life, liberty, property -people have right to rebel against inadequate government -government's power comes from people |
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Montesquieu
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-wrote "Spirt of Laws"
-liberty is a natural right -separation of powers: legislative, executive, judicial -checks and balances |
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Voltaire
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-tolerance
-freedom of religion -freedom of speech -democracy |
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Rousseau
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-wrote "The Social Contract"
-democracy -social contract=agreement among free individuals to create gov. that responds to the people's will -consent of the governed |
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Wollstonecraft
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-wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women"
-english writer, founded European feminism -women should not have to obey men like a slave obeys his master -women should have equal rights with men |
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What is the difference between a limited democracy and a limited monarchy?
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In a limited democracy, the people's powers are limited and in a limited monarchy, the monarch's powers are limited.
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Beccaria
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-tried to reform criminal law
-no bad people, only bad laws -savage punishments not effective deterrents if likelihood of detection was remote |
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Philosophe
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An intellectual of the Enlightenment
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Oliver Cromwell
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Leader of Parliament (Roundheads)
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What did Oliver Cromwell do?
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1. Reorganized Parliament's army
2. Defeated Cavaliers, captured Charles I 3. Had Charles I executed 4. Abolished monarchy 5. England made into a Republic |
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William and Mary
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Daughter and son-in-law of James II, asked to take throne of England by Parliament
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Test Act
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Parliament passed the Test Act under Charles II:
You must be non catholic to hold office in government |
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Exclusion Act
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Whigs wanted Exclusion Act:
Exclude all Catholics from the throne |
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State of Nature
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Condition of mankind before effected by government/society
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Natural Laws
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Moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct
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Natural Rights
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Every man born with natural rights that should be protected by government - life, liberty, property
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Social Contract
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Agreement among society members, where people submit to a monarch to prevent disorder
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General Will
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Citizens make political decisions considering the good of society as a whole
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Separation of Powers
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Federal government divided into executive, legislative, executive
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Checks and Balances
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Separate branches of a government are given certain powers to prevent other branches from becoming too powerful
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What is the order of English Kings/Queens from James I through William and Mary?
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James I
Charles I Oliver Cromwell Charles II James II William and Mary |
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Causes of English Civil War
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1. James I took over and wanted to rule as a divine-right monarch. This alienated and angered Parliament.
2. Puritans wanted to eliminate Catholicism while James I wanted to spread it 3. Charles I increased these troubles by also trying to be a divine-right monarch and force Catholicism upon Puritans |
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What problems did the different kings have with Parliament?
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-James I/Charles I: Wanted divine-right monarchy and spread Catholicism, angered Parliament
-Cromwell: Military dictatorship not work well with Parliament -Charles II/James II: Supported Catholicism, angered Parliament |
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Federal System
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Divides power between state government and national government
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When and who wrote the American Declaration of Independence and where did he get his ideas from?
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1776 - Thomas Jefferson in complaint to King George. Got ideas from Enlightenment thinkers such as Locke, Voltaire, Montesqueiu
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