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206 Cards in this Set
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government where the power of the crown unchecked.
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absolute monarchy
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another name for the age of monarchs.
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age of absolutism
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strongest nation in Europe during the 1500s and early 1600's.
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Spain
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was both the holy roman emperor and the king of spain
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Charles v
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dynasty of Charles v and Phillip 2
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Hapsburg
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when Charles v divided his empire his son Phillip 2 became
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king of Spain
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strongest monarch during Spanish Supremacy.
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Phillip 2
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Phillip 2 and other absolute monarch believed they were kings.
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Divine Right
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the idea that royal power is granted by God
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Divine rights of the Kings
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he used wealth from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe
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Phillip 2
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Phillip 2 saw Spain as the defender of the
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catholic faith
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He involved Spain in wars against the enemy of the Catholicism
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Phillip 2
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Phillip 2 attempted to force all non Cathlics to
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covert or leave Spain
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was used as a reign of terror to extract all the non catholic elements from Spain
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Spanish Inquisition
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This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe
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American colonies
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Phillip sent it to invade England
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Spanish Armada
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It's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European power
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Spanish Armada
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In the late 1500's France was torn by religious conflict between
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Catholics and Huguenots
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French protestant Calvinists
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Huguenots
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First bourbon king
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henry 6th
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Established the Edict Nantes
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Henry 6th
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Gave French protestants religious freedom in 1598
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Edict of Nantes
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Real ruler during the reign of Louisx111
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Cardinal Richelieu
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involved catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants
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Cardinal Richelieu
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was trigger by a rebellion of Bohemian protestants
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30 years war
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started over religion ended up over the balance of powers
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30 years war
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ended the 30 years war
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Peace of Westphalia
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Made France the strongest country in Europe
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Peace of Westphalia
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Louis x1v minister of France
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Colbert
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A tax on imports
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protective tariff
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sun king ruled France from 1643 to 1715
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Louis x1v
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he weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in luxury in his palace
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Louis x1v
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Strongest French monarch
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Louis X1v
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In 1685 Louis x1v revoked the
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Edict of Nates
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600's
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France
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Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from domesticating
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Balance of power
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War fought to keep Louis X1v's grandson off the throne of Spain
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War of Spanish Succession
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Ended the war of Spanish Succession
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Treaty of Utrecht
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Broke French Treasury and military power
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war of Spanish Succession
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Prevented the alliance of France and Spain
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Louis 10th
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Phillip 2nd's English rival
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Elizabeth 1
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Ruled England from 1558 TO 1603
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Elizabeth 1
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English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada
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Sea Dogs
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603 last Tudor monarch
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Elizabeth 1
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First Stuart Monarch believed in the Divine Right of Kings
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James 1
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Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings
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God
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Succeeded James 1 as King of England
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Charles 1
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His reign ended in England's civil war
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charles 1
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It was fought over who should rule England monarch or parliament
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English civil war
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Those who supported Charles 1 in the English civil war
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Cavaliers
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Those who supported parliament in the English civil war
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Roundheads
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Roundheads were mainly (religion)
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Puritans
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Led parliament's army to victory in the English civil war
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Oliver Cronwell
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The English Parliament tried and executed
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Charles 1
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The house of teh commons abolished monarchy and declared England a republic called
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common wealth
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Cromwell drove out parliament and set up a
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military dictatorship
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Name for cromwell's military dictatorship
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Protectorate
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Cromwell's dictatorship enforced
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Puritan moral code
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Cromwell didn't tolerate open worship for
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Catholic's
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Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as lord protector of England but when England tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed by
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Military coup
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He was invited by parliament to come back from exile and become king
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Charles 2nd
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the return of Charles 2nd as king of England
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Restoration
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restoration date
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a.d. 1660
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The restoration gave england a
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constitutional monarchy
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Catholic brother and successor to Charles 2nd
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James 2nd
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English feared James 2nd would make catholism the
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State religion
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name for the bloodless deposing of James 2nd
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Glorious revolution
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William and Mary were given joint rule of England after the glorious revolution but they first had accepted the
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Enlgish bill of rights
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The enlgish bill of rights made sure that parliament had more power than the ruler and established
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limited monarchy
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date of the glorious revolution
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a.d. 1688
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was selected by leading German princes but in reality didn't have much power
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Holy roman emperor
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allowed maria theresa to inherit the throne of austria
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Pragmatic sanction
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maria Theresa's dynasty
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Hapsburg
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Dynasty that ruled purssia during the age of monarchs
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hohenzollern
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Centralized prussian gov mad prussian army the most efficent fighting force in Europe
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Frederick william 1
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most powerful ruler in prussian history
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frederick 2 the great
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he rejected the pragmatic sanction and started the war of austrian succession
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frederick 2nd the great
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maria theresa keeps the throne of austria austria loses silesia
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treay of aix-la-chapelle
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starts as a struggle between austria and prussia becomes a struggle between england and france.
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Seven yaers war
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Name of the seven years war in america
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french and indian war
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in 1650 russia was insolated and
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backward country
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title of the russian ruler
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Czar
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Czar who worked to modernize/westernize russia
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Peter the great
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Peter the great was an
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absolute monarch
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Peter fought the swedes and the turks to gain a
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warm water port
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Peter the great built the new capital of russia
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St. Petersburg
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she followed the lead of Peter the Great in embracing western ideas and expanding russia's borders
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Cathrine the great
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Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries
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enlightenment
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The enlightenment celebrated the powers of
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reason
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enlightenment thinkers promoted religious
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toleration
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englightenment thinkers sough to construct gov free of
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tyranny
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enlightenment thinkers believed sll problems could be solved with
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reason
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The enlightenment was prompted by the 1500's 1600's
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Scientific revolution
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Sun is the center of the solar system
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Helicentric Theory
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He devoloped the heliocentric theory
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copernicus
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he developed a telescope and supported the helicentric theory
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Galileo
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Probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other method
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Galileo galilei
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Galileo was forced to recant by the
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catholic church
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Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals
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johannes kepler
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his discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyones else's
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Isaac newton
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he laid the foundation for the scientific theories taht susquently revolutionized the world
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Isaac newton
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Newton developed the theory of
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gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by
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natural laws
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newtons discoveries led people to view the universe as
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mechanical
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he developed calculus
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Isaac newton
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Hobbes,locke,rousseau were all considered
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Social contract theorists
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Because thomas hobbes believed governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness he believed they had
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never had the right to revolt
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form of government advocated by thomas hobbes
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Absolute monarchy
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He believed people had natural rights to life liberty and property
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John Locke
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John Locke believed the foundation of government was a
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social contract
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John locke believed that if people's natural rights were not protected they had the
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right to revolt
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john locke wrote in defense of the
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Glorious Revolution
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French thinkers of the enlightenment
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philosophes (not philosophers)
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Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance (wrote candide)
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Voltaire
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He combined englightenment thinking into and encyclopedia
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Diderot
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banned Diderot's encyclopedia
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Catholic church
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Diderot was for his writings in the Encyclopedia
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Imprisoned
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advocated a free economy in the wealth of nations
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adam smith
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name for complete free market economy (leave it alone
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Laissez faire
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He believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by seperating the power of governments into legislative executive and judical branches
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Montesquieu
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Criticized the englighenment's excessive emphasis on reason he believed people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct
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Rousseau
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Meetings for the discussion of ideas
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salons
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He believed that you should set aside traditional beliefs and experiment. early proponent of the scientific method
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Francis bacon
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He believed you should doubt everything which can not be proved, and in the search for truth you should start not with faith but with doubt
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Rene descartes
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The only thing descartes found that he could not doubt was his
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Own existence
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I think therefore i am
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Rene Descartes
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Doubt and question all ideas
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Skepticism
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A denial of the possibility of knowledge
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Skepticism
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Total skeptic
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David Hume
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He denied there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing can cause another, denied knowledge of cause and effect
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David Hume
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He believed that reason could not be used to explain questions of metaphysics
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Immanuel Kant
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Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions
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Methaphysics
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Kant believed that things that can not be percieved in Cannot be known
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expierence
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John locke believed the mind to be a
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tabula rasa (blank Slate)
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religion based on reason and natural law the englightenments religion
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Deism
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Belief that god started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone
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Diesm
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Some people reacted to the engilghenment and did not believe that could explain the universe
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reason alone
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Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes
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Enlightened despots
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When britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the french and indian war the colonies
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reacted
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Because the american colonists believed they were being taxed without representation and thus denied their natural rights they
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declared there indepence
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created a government with Motesquieu's seperation of the powers and federal system
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u.s. constitution
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governmental power is divided between a central government and regional governments
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federalism
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Inaugurated the liberal and deomcratic movements of the 19th century
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Fernch revolution
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Name for frances social classes
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Estates
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King of france at the beginning of the french revolution
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Louis 16th
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first estate
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catholic clergy
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Second estate
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noblility
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Bourgeoisie artisan's and peasants
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third estate
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middle class
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Bourgeoisie
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Large gap between the rich and poor heavy tax burden on the third estate first and second estate don'ot pay taxes. Elightenment ides of freedom and equality growth of the middle class and wide spread
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causes of the french revolution
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In 1789 Louis 16th called the estates general because he needed to
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raise money
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upper two estates wanted to vote as
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estates
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third estate wanted to vote as
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delegates
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Louis xv1th refused the third estates request for a
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mass meeting (voting as delegates)
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third estate declared itself to be the
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national convention
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Members of the national assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed
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tennis court oath
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Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the national assembly
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Louis 16th
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Ordered swiss troops to paris
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louis 16th
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French royal prison attacked by parisians to defend the national assembly
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Bastille
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symbolic beginning of the french revolution
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Storming of the Bastille
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Voted to end special privileges of nobility and clergy
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National Assembly
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National assembly guaranteed freedom of speech press and religion proclaimed all male citizens were equal but didn't grant rights to women
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declaration of rights of man and of the citizens
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in 1791 the national assembly created a
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Limited constitutional monarchy
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Working class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the french revolution
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sans culottes
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extreme radicals who demanded true democracy
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Jacobins
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Unpopular queen of France
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Marie antionette
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national assembly declared war on
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austria
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seized control of assembly removed king from office (french revolution)
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Jacobins
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jacobins killed people they claimed were
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Countrer revolutionaries
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called by Radicals to rewrite french constitution
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National Convention
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National convention abolished monarchy and declared france a
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republic
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Convicted of treason and executed by the national convention
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Louis 16th
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During the french revolution european monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries
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allied against france
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Because of threats from within and without the convention formed the
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committee of public safety
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Jacobin became the head of the committee began .(500,000 people arrested 40,000 guillotined
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reign of terror
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used by committee to deal with invading armies
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mass moblization
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Whole society helps to defeat enemy
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Mass moblization
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Members of the convention turned on him because they feared for their own satfety. he was guillotined along with many of his followers
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Robespierre
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robespierre's death ended the
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reign of terror
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took control of the convention after the reign of terror
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Bourgeoisie
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Conservative government set up by the convention after the end of the reign of terror
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directory
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Put in the command of france's army by the directory
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Napolean
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Seized power from the directory in a coup'd etat
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Napolean
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Quick over throw of government by a small group
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Coup d' etat
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as first consul of the french republic napolean assumed
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Dictorial powers
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Used soldiers to restore order in France
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Napolean
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Made the law clear and consistent in France
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Napoleanic code
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Bonaparte became emperor Napolean1 by
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the will of the people
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Napoleon expanded his empier to include most of
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Europe
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British admiral who defeated napolean at the battle of Trafalgar
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Horatio nelson
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Because of his defeat at the battle of Trafalgar napolean gave up on
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invading britain
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napolean tried to keep goods out of
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european ports
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napoleon invaded it because it refused to stop selling good to britain
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Russia
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Was a disaster because of winter conditions
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Napoleon's invasion of russia
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tactic used by russians against napolean
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scorched earth
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On retreat from russia napoleon lost
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4/5 of his troops
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Grand alliance defeats napoleon at leipzig germany
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Battle of nations
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After the battle of nations the Grand alliance took paris and exiled napoleon to
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Elba
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napoleon escaped elba and upon returning to france
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won widespread support
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napoleons brief comeback
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the 100 days
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napoleons final defeat to britain and prussia
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waterloo
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after waterloo napoleon was exiled to
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st helena
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date of waterloo
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a.d.1815
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Napoleons lasting influence was his soldiers spread the ideals of the across europe
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French revolution
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After the defeat of napoleon it was held to creat a new balance of power to preserve the peace.
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congress of vienna
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leading figure at the congress of vienna
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metternich
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