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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.
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Absolute Monarchy
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Another name for the Age of Monarchs
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Age of Abosolutism
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s
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Spain
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Was both the Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain
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Charles V
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Dynasty of Charles V and Philip II
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Hapsburg
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When Charles V divided his empire his son Philip II became
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King of Spain
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Strongest monarch during Spanish supremacy
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Philip II
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Philip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by
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Divine Right
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The idea that royal power is granted by God
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Divine Right of Kings
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He used wealth (gold & silver)from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe
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Philip II
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Philip II saw Spain as the defender of the
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Catholic Faith
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He involved Spain in wars against the enemies of Catholicism.(Protestants, Muslims etc.)
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Philip II
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Philip II attempted to force all non-Catholics to
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convert or leave Spain
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Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catholic elements form Spain
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Spanish Inquisition
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this source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe
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American colonies
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Philip II sent it to invade England.
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Spanish Armada
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It's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European Power.
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Spanish Armada
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In the late 1500's, France was torn by religious conflict between
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catholics &huguenots
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French protestant calvinists
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huguenots
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first bourbon king
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henry of Navarre/henry IV
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established the edict nantes
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henry IV
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gave french protestants religious freedom in1598
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edict of nantes
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real ruler during the reign of louis XIII
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Cardinal Richelieu
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involved catholic france in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Was triggered by a rebellion of bohemian protestants.
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thirty years war
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started over religion ended up over the balance of power
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Thirty years war
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Ended the 30 years war
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Peace of Westphalia
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Made france the strongest country in Europe
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peace of wertphalia
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Louis XIV Minister of finanace
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colbert
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a tax on imports
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protective tariff
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sun king ruled france from 1643 to 1715
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Louis XIV
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he weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in luxury in his place
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Louis XIV
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Strongest French monarch
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Louis XIV
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in 1685 Louis XIV revoked the
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Edict of Nantes
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Strongest Nation in Europe during the 1600s
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France
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Small nations band together to deep a strong nation form dominating
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Balance of Power
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War fought to keep Louis XIVs grandson off the throne of Spain
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War of Spanish Succession
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Ended the war of spanish succession
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Treaty of Utrecht
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Broke French Treasury and military power
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War of Spanish Succession
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Prevented the alliance of France and Spain
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Treaty of Utrecht
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His policies brought France near financial ruin and created class conflict
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Louis XIV
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Philip II's english rival
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Elizabth I
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Ruled England form 1558 to 1603
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Elizabeth I
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English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada
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Sea Dogs
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603, last Tudor monarch
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Elizabeth I
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First Stuart Monarch believed in the divine Right of kings
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JamesI
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Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed monarchs were only answerable to
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God
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Succeeded James I as king of Kngland
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Charles I
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His reign ended in England's civil war
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Charles I
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It was fought over who should rule England:Monarch or Parliment
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English Civil War
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Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil war
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Cavaliers
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Those who supported Parliament in the English civil war
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Roundheads
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Roundhead were mainly (religion)
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Puritans
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Led Parliament's army to victory in the English Civil War
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Oliver Cromwell
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The english Parliament tried and executed
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Charles I
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The house of commons abolished monarchy and declared England a republic called the
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commonwealth
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Cromwell drove out Parliament and set up a
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military dictatorship
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Name for Cromwell's military dictatorship
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Protectorate
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Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a
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Puritan moral code
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Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for
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Catholics
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Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord protector of england, but when england tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed by a
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Military coup
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He was invited by parliament to come back from exile and become king
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Charles Ii
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The return of Charles II as king of england
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Restoration
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Restoration date
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A.D. 1660
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The Restoration gave England a
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Constitutional monarchy
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Catholic brother and successor to charles II
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James II
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English feared that James II would make Catholicism the
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State Religion
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Name for the bloodless deposing of James II
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Glorious Revolution
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William and Mary were given joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution buy they first had to accept the
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English Bill of Rights
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the english bill of rights made sure Parliament had more power than the ruler and established
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limited monarchy
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date of the glorious revolution
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A.D 1688
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Was selected by leading german princes buy in reality did not have much power
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Holy Roman Emperor
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Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the Throne of Austria
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Maria Theresa's dynasty
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Hapsburg
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Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of monarchs
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Hohenzollern
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Centralized Prussian Government. Made Prussian army the most efficient fighting force in Europe
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Frederick william I
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Most powerful ruler in Prussian History
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Frederick II (the Great)
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He rejected the Pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succession
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Frederick II (the great)
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Maria Theresa keep the throne of Austria, Austria loses Silesia
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
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Starts as a struggle between Austria and Prussia becomes a struggle between
England and France |
Seven Years war
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Name of the Seven Years war in America
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French and Indian War
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In 1650 Russia was an isolated and
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backward country
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title of the Russian ruler
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Czar
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Czar who worked to modernize/Westernize Russia
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Peter the Great
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Peter the Great was an
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absolute monarch
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peter fought the Swedes and the Turks to gain a
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Warm water port
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Peter the great built the new capital of Russia
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St. Petersburg
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She followed the lead f Peter the Great in embracing Western ideas and expanding Russia's borders.
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Cathrine the Great
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Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries
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Enlightenment
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The Enlightenment celebrated the powers of
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Reason
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Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious
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Toleration
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Enlightenment thinkers sought to construct a government free of
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tyranny
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Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with
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reason
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The Enlightenment was prompted by the (1500s and 1600s)
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Scientific revolution
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Sun is the center of the Solar System
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Helicentric theory
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He developed the Heliocentric theory
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Copernicus
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He developed a telescope and supported the Helicentric theory
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Galilieo
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Probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo was forced to recant by the
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Catholic Church
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Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals
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Johannes Kepler
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His discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's
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Isaac Newton
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He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsquently revolutionized the world
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Isaac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of
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Gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by
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Natural laws
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Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
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Mechanical
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He developed Calculus
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Isaac Newton
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Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau were all considered
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social contract theorists
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Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they
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Never had the right to revolt
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Form of government advocated by Thomas Hobbes
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Absolute Monarchy
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He believed people had Natural Rights to life, liberty and property
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John Locke
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John Locke believed the foundation of Government was a
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Social Contract
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John Locke believed that if people's natural rights were not protected, they had the
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right to revolt
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John Locke wrote in defense of the
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Glorious Revolution
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French thinkers of the enilightenment
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Philosophes(not philosophers)
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Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance (wrote Candide)
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Voltaire
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His discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's
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Isaac Newton
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He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsquently revolutionized the world
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Isaac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of
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Gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by
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Natural laws
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Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
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Mechanical
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He developed Calculus
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Isaac Newton
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Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau were all considered
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social contract theorists
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Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they
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Never had the right to revolt
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Form of government advocated by Thomas Hobbes
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Absolute Monarchy
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He believed people had Natural Rights to life, liberty and property
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John Locke
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John Locke believed the foundation of Government was a
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Social Contract
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John Locke believed that if people's natural rights were not protected, they had the
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right to revolt
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John Locke wrote in defense of the
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Glorious Revolution
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French thinkers of the enilightenment
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Philosophes(not philosophers)
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Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance (wrote Candide)
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Voltaire
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he combined enlightenment thinking into an encyclopdia
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Diderot
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Banned Diderot's Encyclopedia
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Catholic Church
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Diderot was for his writings in the Encyclopedia
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imprisoned
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Advocated a free market economy in the Wealth of Nations
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Adam Smith
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Name for complete free market economy (leave it alone)
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Laissez faire
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He believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by separating the power of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches
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Montesquieu
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Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believe people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct
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Rousseau
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Meetings for the discussion of ideas
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Salons
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He believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific
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Francis bacon
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He believed you should doubt everything which cannot be proved, and in the search for truth you should start NOT with faith but with doubt
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Rene Descartes
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The only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his
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own existence
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"i think therefore I am."
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Rene Descartes
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Doubt and question all ideas
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Skepticism
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A denial of the possibility of knowledge
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Skepticism
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Total skeptic
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David Hume
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He denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another. Denied knowledge of cause and effect
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David Hume
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He believed that reason could NOT be used to explain questions of metaphysics
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Immanuel Kant
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Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions
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Metaphysics
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Kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in cannot be known
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experience
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John Locke believed the mind to be a
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tabula rasa(blank slate)
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Religion based on reason and natural law, the Enlightenment's religion
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Deism
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Belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone
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Deism
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Some people reacted to the Enlightenment and did not believe that could explain the universe
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reason alone
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Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes
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Enlightened Despots
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When Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies
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reacted
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Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and thus denied their natural rights they
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Declared their independence
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Created a government with Montesquieu's separation of powers and a federal system
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U.S. constitution
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Governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central government and regional governments
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Federalism
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Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century
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French Revolution
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Name for France's social classes
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Estates
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French Royal Prison, attacked by Parisians to defend the National Assembly
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Bastille
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Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution
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Storming of the Batille
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Voted to end special privileges of Nobility & Clergy (Old Regime)
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National Assembly
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National Assembly guaranteed freedom of speech press, and religion. Proclaimed all male citizens were equal but did not grant rights to women
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"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen"
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In 1791 the National Assembly created a
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Limited Constitutional Monarchy
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Working-class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution
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Sans-culottes
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Extreme radicals who demanded "true democracy"
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Jacobins
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Unpopluar Queen of France
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Marie Antoninette
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National Assembly declared war on
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Austria
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Seized control of Assembly, removed king form office. (French Revolution)
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Jacobins
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Jacobins killed people they claimed were
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Counter-revolutionaries
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Called by Radicals to rewrite French Constitution
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National Convention
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National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a
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Republic
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Convicted of Treason and executed by the National Convention
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Louis XVI
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During the French Revolution Europeans monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries
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allied against France
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Because of threats from within, and without, the Convention formed the
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Committee of Public Safety
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Jacobin that became the head of the Committee of Public Saftey
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Robespierre
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To stop counter-revolution the committee began the (500,000 people arrested, 40,000 guillotined)
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Reign of Terror
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Used by committee to deal with invading armies
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Mass Moblization
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Whole society helps to defeat enemy
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Mass Moblization
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Members of the Convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. He was guillotined along with many of his followers.
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Robespierre
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Robespierre's death ended the
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Reign of Terror
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Took control of the Convention after the Reign of Terror
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Bourgeoisie
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Conservative government set up by the Convention after the end of the Reign of Terror
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Directory
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Put in command of France's armies by the Directory
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Napoleon
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Sized power form the Directory in a Coup d' etat
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Napoleon
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Quick overthrow of government by a small group
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Coup d' etat
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As first Consoul of the French Repubic Napoleon assumed
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Dictatorial Powers
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Used soldiers to restore order to France
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Napoleon
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Made the law clear and consistent in France
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Napoleonic code
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Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon I by
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The will of the people
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Napoleon expanded his empire to include most of
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Europe
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British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar
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Horatio Nelson
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Because of his defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon gave up on
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Invading Britain
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Napoleon tried to keep British good out of
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European ports
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Napoleon invaded IT because IT refused to stop selling goods to Britain
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Russia
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Was a disaster because of winter conditions
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Napoleon's invasion of Russia
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Tactic used by Russians against Napoleon
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Scorched-Earth
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On retreat form Russia Napoleon lost
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4/5 of his troops
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Grnd Alliance defeats the Napoleon at Leipzig Germany
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Battle of Nations
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After the Battle of Nations the Grand Alliance took Paris and exiled Napoleon to
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Elba
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Napoleon escaped Elba and upon returning to France
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won widespread support
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Napoleon's brief comeback
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the 100 days
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Napoleons final defeat to Britain and Prussia
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Waterloo
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After Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to
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St.Helena
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Date of Waterloo
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A.D. 1815
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Napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the across Europe
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French Revolution
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After the defeat of Napoleon it was held to create a new balance of power to preserve the peace
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Congress of Vienna
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Leading figure at the Confress of Vienna
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Metternich
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