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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.
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Absolute Monarchy
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Another name for the Age of Monarchs.
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Age of Absolutism
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1500s and early 1600s.
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Spain
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Was both the Holy Roman emperor and the king of Spain.
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Charles V
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Dynasty of Charles V and Phillip II.
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Hapsburg
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When Charles V divided his empire his son Philip II became ____ __ _____.
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King of Spain
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Strongest monarch during Spanish supremacy
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Philip II
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Philip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by _____ ______.
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Divine Right
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The idea that royal power is granted by God.
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Diving Right of Kings
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He used wealth (gold and silver) from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe.
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Philip II
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Philip II saw Spain as the defender of the _______ _______.
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Catholic Faith
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He involved Spain in wars against the enemies of Catholicism. (Protestants, Muslims etc.)
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Philip II
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Philip attempted to force all non-Catholics to _____ or _____ _____.
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convert or leave Spain.
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Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-Catholic elements from Spain.
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Spanish Inquisition
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This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe.
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American Colonies
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Philip II sent it to invade England.
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Spanish Armada
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It's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European power.
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Spanish Armada
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In the late 1500s, France was torn by religious conflict between ________ and __________.
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Catholics and Huguenots.
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French Protestant Calvinists
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Huguenots
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First Bourbon King
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Henry of Navarre/Henry IV
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Established the Edict Nantes
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Henry IV
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Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1598.
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Edict of Nantes
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Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian protestants
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Thirty Years War
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Started over religion; ended up over the balance of power.
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Thirty Years War
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Ended the 30 years war.
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Peace of Westphalia
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Made France the strongest country in Europe
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Peace of Westphalia
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Louis XIV Minister of Finance
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Colbert
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A tax on imports
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Protective tariff
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Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715.
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Louis XIV
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He weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in luxury in his palace.
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Louis XIV
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Strongest French Monarch
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Louis XIV
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In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the ____ __ _____
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Edict of Nantes
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600s
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France
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Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating.
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Balance of Power
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War fought to keep Louis XIV's grandson off the throne of Spain
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War of Spanish Succession
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Ended the War of Spanish Succession
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Treaty of Utrecht
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Broke French Treasury and military power
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War of Spanish Succession
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Prevented the alliance of France and Spain
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Treaty of Utrecht
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His policies brought France near financial ruin and created class conflict
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Louis XIV
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Philip II's English rival.
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Elizabeth I
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603.
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Elizabeth I
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English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada.
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Sea Dogs
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Last Tudor Monarch
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Elizabeth I
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First Stuart Monarch believed in the Divine Right of Kings
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James I
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Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed Monarchs were only answerable to _____.
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God
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Succeeded James I as King of England.
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Charles I
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His reign ended in England's civil war
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Charles I
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It was fought over who should rule England: Monarch or Parliament.
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English Civil War
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Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil War.
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Cavaliers
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Those who supported Parliament in the English Civil War
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Roundheads
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Roundheads were mainly ______. (religion)
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Puritans
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Led parliament's army to victory in the English Civil War.
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Oliver Cromwell
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The English Parliament tried and executed _______.
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Charles I.
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The House of Commons abolished monarchy and declared England a republic called the ______________.
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commonwealth.
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Cromwell drove out Parliament and set up a ______ ___________.
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military dictatorship
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Name for Cromwell's military dictatorship
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Protectorate
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Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a _______ _____ _____.
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Puritan moral code.
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Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for ________.
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Catholics.
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Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord Protector of England, but when England, tired of strict Puritan ways, he was deposed by a ______ _____.
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Military coup.
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He was invited by Parliament to come back from exile and become king.
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Charles II
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The return of Charles II as King of England.
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Resotration
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Restoration date
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A.D. 1660
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The Restoration gave England a ______ _____________.
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Constitutional monarchy.
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Catholic brother and successor to Charles II.
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James II
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English feared that James II would make Catholicism the _______ _________.
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State Religion
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Name for the bloodless deposing of James II.
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Glorious Revolution
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William and Mary were given joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution but they first had to accept the _______ ____ __ ______.
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English Bill of Rights.
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The English Bill of Rights made sure Parliament had more power than the ruler and established _______ _______.
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limited monarchy
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Date of the Glorious Revolution
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A.D. 1688
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Was selected by leading German princes but in reality did not have much power.
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Holy Roman Emperor
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Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the Throne of Austria.
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Maria Theresa' dynasty.
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Hapsubrg
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Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of Monarchs.
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Hohenzollern
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Centralized Prussian Government. Made Prussian army the most efficient fighting force in Europe.
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Frederick William I
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Most powerful ruler in Prussian History
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Frederick II (the Great)
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He rejected the Pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succesion
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Frederick II (the Great)
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Maria Theresa keeps the throne of Austria, Austria loses Silesia
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
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Starts as a struggle between Austria and Prussia becomes a struggle between England and France.
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Seven Years War
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Name of the Seven Years war in America
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French and Indian War
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In 1650 Russia was an isolated and ___________ __________.
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backward country.
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Title of the Russian ruler.
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Czar.
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czar who worked to modernize/Westernize Russia
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Peter the Great
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Peter the Great was an __________ __________.
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absolute monarch.
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Peter fought the Swedes and the Turks to gain a ____ ______ _______.
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warm water port.
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Peter the Great built the new capital of Russia- __________.
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St. Petersburg
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She followed the lead of Peter the Great in embracing Western ideas and expanding Russia's borders.
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Catherine the Great
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Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Enlightenment
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The Enlightenment celebrated the powers of ______.
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reason
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Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious ________.
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toleration
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Enlightenment thinkers sought to construct government free of ______.
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tyranny
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Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with __________.
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reason
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The Enlightenment was prompted by the ________ ________. (1500s and 1600s)
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Scientific Revolution.
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Sun is the center of the Solar System.
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Heliocentric theory
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He developed the Heliocentric theory.
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Copernicus
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He developed a telescope and supported the Heliocentric theory.
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Galileo
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Probably more responsible for the development of the scientific method than any other individual.
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo was forced to recant by the _______ _______.
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Catholic Church
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Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals.
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Johannes Kepler
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He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsequently revolutionized the world.
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Isaac Newton
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His discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's.
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Isaac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of _____.
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gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by _________ _________.
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natural laws.
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Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as ________.
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mechanical.
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He developed Calculus.
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Isaac Newton
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Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau were all considered ________ ______ _______.
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social contract theorists.
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Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they ______ ____ ___ _____ __ _____.
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never had the right to revolt.
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Form of Government advocated by Thomas Hobbes.
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Absolute Monarchy
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He believed people had Natural Rights to life, liberty ad property.
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John Locke
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John Locke believed the foundation of government was a ________ ______.
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social contract.
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John Locke believed that if people's natural rights were not protected, they had the _____ __ ____.
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right to revolt.
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John Locke wrote in defense of the _____ ______.
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glorious revolution
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French Thinkers of the enlightenment.
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Philosophes
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Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance. (wrote Candide)
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Voltaire
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He combined enlightenment thinking into an Encyclopedia.
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Diderot.
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Banned Diderot's Encyclopedia.
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Catholic Church
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Diderot was _________ for his writings in the Encyclopedia.
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imprisoned
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Advocated a free market economy in the Wealth of Nations.
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Adam Smith.
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Name for complete free market economy (leave it alone).
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Laissez faire.
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He believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by separating the power of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches.
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Montesquieu
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Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believed people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct.
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Rousseau
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Meetings for the discussion of ideas.
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Salons
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He believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method.
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Francis Bacon
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he believed you should doubt everything which cannot be proved, and in the search for truth you should start NOT with faith but with doubt.
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Rene Descartes
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The only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his ______ _______________.
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own existence.
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"I think therefore I am."
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Rene Descartes
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Doubt and question all ideas.
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Skepticism
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A denial of the possibility of knowledge.
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Skepticism
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Total skeptic.
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David Hume
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He denied that there was any logical basis fro knowing that one thing caused another. Denied knowledge of cause and effect.
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David Hume
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he believed that reason could NOT be used to explain questions of metaphysics.
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Immanuel Kant
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Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions.
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Metaphysics.
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Kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in ___________, cannot be known.
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experience
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John Lock believed the mind to be a ____ ______ (_____ ______)
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Tabula rasa (blank slate)
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Religion based on reason and natural law, the Enlightenment's religion.
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Deism
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Belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone.
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Deism
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Some people reacted to Enlightenment and did not believe that _________ _____ could explain the universe.
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reason alone
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Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes.
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Enlightened Despots
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When Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies _______.
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reacted.
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Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and thus denied their natural rights they ____ _____ ____________.
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declared their independence.
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Created a government with Montesquieu's separation of powers and a federal system.
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U.S. Constitution.
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Governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central government and regional governments.
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Federalism
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Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century.
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French Revolution
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Name for France's social classes.
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Estates
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King of France at the beginning of the French Revolution.
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Louis XVI
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First Estate.
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Catholic Clergy
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Second Estate.
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Noblility
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Bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants.
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Third Estate
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Middle Class
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Bourgeoisie
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Large gap between the rich and the poor. Heavy tax burden on the Third Estate. First and Second Estate don't pay taxes. Enlightenment ideas of freedom and equality. Growth of the middle class.
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Causes of French Revolution.
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In 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the _______ _________ for the first time in over 150 years.
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Estates General
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Louis XVI called the Estates General because he needed to ______ ______.
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raise money.
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Upper two estates wanted to vote as ______.
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estates.
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Third Estate wanted to vote as ________.
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delegates.
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Louis XVI refused the Third Estate's request for a ______ ________ (voting as delegates).
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Mass Meeting
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The Third Estate declared itself to be the __________ _________.
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National Convention.
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Members of the National Assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed.
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Tennis Court Oath
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Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the National Assembly.
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Louis XVI
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Ordered Swiss troops to Paris.
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Louis XVI
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French Royal Prison, attacked by Parisians to defend the Naional Assembly.
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Bastille.
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Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution.
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Storming of the Bastille.
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Voted to end special privileges of Nobility and Clergy (Old Regime).
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National Assembly
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National Assembly guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion. Proclaimed all male citizens were equal but did not grant rights to women.
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"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
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In 1791, the National Assembly created a ______ ________ ________.
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Limited Constitutional Monarchy.
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working-class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution.
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sans-culottes
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Extreme radicals who demanded "true democracy."
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Jacobins
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Unpopular Queen of France.
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Marie Antoinette
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National Assembly declared war on ________.
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Austria
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Seized control of Assembly, removed king from office. (French Revolution)
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Jacobins
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Jacobins killed people they claimed were _______-_____________.
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counter-revolutionaries
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Called by Radicals to rewrite French Constitution.
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National Convetnion
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National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a _______.
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republic.
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Convicted of treason and executed by the National Convention.
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Louis XVI
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During the French Revolution European monarchies fearing hte spread of the revolution to their countries.
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Allied against France
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Because of threats from within, and without, the Convention formed the __________ of ______ ______.
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Committee of Public Safety
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Jacobins became the head of the Committee of Public Safety.
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Robespierre
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To stop counter-revolution the committee began the _______ of ______. (500,000 people arrested; 40,000 guillotined.)
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Reign of Terror
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Used by committee to deal with invaded armies.
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Mass Moblization
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Whole society helps to defeat enemy.
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Mass Moblization
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Members of the Convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. He was guillotined along with many of his followers.
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Robespierre
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Robespierre's death ended the _______ of ______.
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Reign of Terror.
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Took control of th Convention afterthe Reign of Terror.
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Bourgeoisie
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Conservative government set up by the Convention after the end o the Reign of Terror.
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Directory
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Put in command of France's armies by the Directory.
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Napoleon
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Seized power from the Directory in a Coup d' etat.
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Napoleon
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Quick overthrow of government by a small group.
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Coup d' etat
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As first Consul of the French republic Napoleon assumed _____ _______.
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dictatorial powers.
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Used soldiers ot restore order to France.
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Napoleon
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Made the law clear and consistent in France.
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Napoeonic code
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Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon I by ___ ____ __ ____ ________.
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the will of the people.
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Naapoleon expanded his empire to include most of _______.
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Europe
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British Admiral wo defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.
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Horatio Nelson.
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Because of his defeat at the Bttle of Trafalgar, Napoleon gave up on _________ ________.
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invading Britain.
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Napoleon tried to keep British goods out of _______ _____.
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European ports.
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Napoleon invaded ________ because it refused to stop selling goods to Britain.
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Russia
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Was a disaster because of winter conditions.
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Napoleon's invasion of Russia
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Tactic used by Russians against Napoleon.
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scorched-earth.
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On retreat from rusia Napoleon lost ___ of his troops.
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4/5ths
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Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon at Leipzig, Germany.
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Battle of Nations.
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After the Battle of Nations the GAND Alliance took Paris and exiled Napoleon to _____.
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Elba
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Napoleon escaped Elba and upon returning to France, he ___ _______ ______.
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won widespread support.
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Napoleon's brief comeback.
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The 100 days.
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Napoleon's final defeat to Britain and Prussia.
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Waterloo
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After Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to ________.
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St. Helena.
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Date of Waterloo.
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A.D. 1815
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Napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the _______ _______ across Europe.
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French Revolution
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After the defeat of napoleon it was held to create a new balance of power to preserve teh peace.
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congress of Vienna
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Leading figure at the Congress of Vienna.
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Metternich
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