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209 Cards in this Set
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Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.
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Absolute Monarchy
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Another name for the Age of Monarchs.
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Age of Absolutism
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1500s and early 1600s.
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Spain
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Was both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain.
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Charles V
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Dynasty of Charles V and Philip II.
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Hapsburg
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When Charles V divided his empire his son Philip II became King of Spain.
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King of Spain
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Strongest monarch during Spanish supremacy.
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Philip II
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Philip II and the other absolute monarchs believe they were kings of Divine Right.
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Divine Right
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The idea that royal power is granted by God.
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Divine Right of Kings
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He used wealth (gold & silver) from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe.
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Philip II
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Philip II saw Spain as he defender of the Catholic Faith.
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Catholic Faith
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He involved Spain in wars against the enemies of Catholicism. (Protestant, Muslims etc.)
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Philip II
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Philip II attempted to force all non-catholic elements from Spain.
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convert or leave Spain
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Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catholic elements from Spain.
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Spanish Inquisition
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This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe.
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American Colonies
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Philip II sent it to invade England.
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Spanish Armada
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It;s defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European power.
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Spanish Armada
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In the late 1500s, France was torn by religious conflict between Catholics & Huguenots
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Catholics & Huguenots
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French protestant Calvinits.
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Huguenots
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First Bourbon King.
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Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV
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Established the Edict Nantes.
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Henry IV
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Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1598.
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Edict of Nantes
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Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian protestants.
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Thirty Years War
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Started over religion ended up over the balance of power.
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Thirty Years War
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Ended he 30 years war.
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Peace of westphalia
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Made France the strongest country in Europe.
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Peace of Westphalia
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Louis XIX Minister of Finance.
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Colbert
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A tax on imports.
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Protective tariff
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Sun king ruled France from 1643 to 1715.
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Louis XIV
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He weakened he power of the nobles by inviting them to live in Luxury in his palace.
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Louis XIV
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Strongest French Monarch
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Louis XIV
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In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes.
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Edict of nantes
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600s
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France
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Small nation band together to keep a strong nation from dominating.
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Balance of power
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War fought to keep Louis XIV's grandson off the throne of Spain.
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War of Spanish Succession
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Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
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Treaty of Utrecht
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Broke French Treasury and military power.
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War of Spanish Succession
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Prevented the alliance of French and Spain.
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Treaty of Utrecht
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His policies brought France near financial ruin an created class conflict.
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Louis XIV
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Philip II's English rival.
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Elizabeth I
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603.
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Elizabeth I
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English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada.
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Sea Dogs
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603, last Tudor monarch.
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Elizabeth I
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First Stuart Monarch believed in the Divine Right of Kings.
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James I
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Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed Monarchs were only answerable to God.
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God
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Succeeded James I as King of England.
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Charles I
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His reign ended in England's civil war.
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Charles I
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It was fought over who should rule England: Monarch or Parliament.
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English Civil War
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Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil War.
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Cavaliers
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Those who supported Parliament in the English Civil War.
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Roundheads
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Roundheads were mainly Puritans. (religion)
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Puritans
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Led parliament's army to victory in the English Civil War.
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Oliver Cromwell
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The English parliament tried and executed Charles I.
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Charles I
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The House of Commons abolished monarchy and declared England a republic called the commonwealth.
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Commonwealth
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Cromwell drove out Parliament and set u a military dictatorship.
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Military Dictatorship
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Name for Cromwell's military dictatorship.
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Protectorate
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Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a Puritan moral Code.
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Puritan moral code
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Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for Catholics.
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Catholics
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Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord Protector of England, but when England tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed b a Military coup.
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Military coup
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He was invited by Parliament to come back from exile and become king.
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Charles II
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The return of Charles II as King of England.
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Restoration
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Restoration date.
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A.D. 1660
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The Restoration gave England a Constitutional monarchy.
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Constitutional monarchy
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Catholic brother and successor to Charles II.
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James II
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English feared that James II would make Catholicism the State Religion.
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State Region
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Name for the bloodless deposing of James II.
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Glorious Revolution
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William & Mar were given joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution but they first had accept the English Bill of Rights.
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English Bill of Rights
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The English Bill of Right made sure Parliament had more power than the ruler and established limited monarchy
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limited monarchy
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Date of the Glorious Revolution
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AD 1688
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Was selected by leading German princes but in reality did not have much power.
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Holy Roman Emperor
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Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the Throne of Austria.
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Maria Theresa'dynasty/
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Hapsburg
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Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of Monarchs.
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Hohenzollern
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Centralized Prussia Government. Made Prussian army the most efficient fighting force in Europe.
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Frederick William I
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Most powerful ruler in Prussian History.
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Frederick II (The Great)
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He rejected the pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succession.
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Frederick II (The Great)
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Maria Theresa keeps the throne of Austria, Austria loses Silesia.
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
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Starts as a struggle between Austria & Prussia becomes a struggle between England & France.
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Seven Years War
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Name of the Seven Years war in America.
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French and Indian War
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In 1650 Russia was an isolated and backward country.
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backward country
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Title of the Russian ruler.
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Czar
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Czar who worked to modernize/ Westernize Russia.
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Peter the Great
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Peter the Great was an absolute monarch.
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Absolute monarch
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Peter fought the swedes and the Turks to gain a warm water port.
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warm water port
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Peter the Great build the new capital of Russia St. Petersburg.
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St. Petersburg
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She followed the lead of Peter the Great in embracing Western ideas and expanding Russia's borders.
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Cathrine the Great
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Intellectual movement of the 17th & 18th centuries.
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Enlightenment
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The Enlightenment celebrated the powers of Reason.
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Reason
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Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious toleration.
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Toleration
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Enlightenment thinkers sought to construct government free of tyranny.
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Tyranny
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Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with reason.
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Reason
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The Enlightenment was prompted by the Scientific Revolution (1500s & 1600s).
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Scientific Revolution
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Sun is the center of the Solar System.
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Heliocentric theory
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He developed the Heliocentric theory.
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Copernicus
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He developed a telescope an supported the Heliocentric theory.
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Galileo
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Probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual.
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo was forced to recant by the Catholic Church.
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Catholic Church
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Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals.
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Johannes Kepler
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His discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's.
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Isaac Newton
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He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsequently revolutionized the world.
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Isaac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of Gravity.
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Gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by natural laws.
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Natural laws
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Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as mechanical.
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mechanical
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He developed Calculus.
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Issac Newton
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Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau were all considered social contract theorists.
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Social contract theorists
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Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they never had the right to revolt.
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never had the right to revolt
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Form of Government advocated by Thomas Hobbes.
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Absolute Monarchy
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He believed people had Natural Rights to life, liberty and property.
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John Locke
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John Locke believed the foundation of Governments was a Social Contract.
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Social Contract
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John Locke Believed that if people's natural rights were NOT protected, they had the Right to revolt.
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Right to Revolt
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French Thinkers of the enlightenment.
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Philosophers (not philosophers)
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Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance. (were Candide).
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Voltaire
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He combined enlightenment thinking into an Encyclopidia.
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Diderot
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Banned Diderot's Encyclopedia.
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Catholic Church
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Diderot was imprisoned for his writings in the Encyclopedia.
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imprisoned
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Advocate a free market economy in the Wealth of Nations.
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Adam Smith
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Name for complete free market economy (leave it or leave it).
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Laissez faire
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He believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by separating the power of government into legislative, executive, judicial branches.
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Montesquieu
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Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believed people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct.
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Rousseau
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Meeting for the discussion of ideas.
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Salons
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He believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method.
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Francis Bacon
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He believed you should doubt everything which cannot be proved, and in the search for truth you should start NOT with faith but with doubt.
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Rene Descartes
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The only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his own existence.
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own existance
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I think therefore I am"
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Rene Descartes
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Doubt and question all ideas.
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Skepticism
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A denial of the possibility of knowledge Skepticism.
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Skepticism
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Total skeptic.
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David Hume.
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He denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another. Denied knowledge of cause & effect.
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David Hume
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He believed that reason could NOT be used to explain questions of metaphysics.
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Immanuel Kant
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Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions.
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Metaphysics
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Kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in experience in cannot be known.
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experience
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John Locke believed the mind to be a Tabula rasa(blank slate)
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Tabula rasa(blank slate)
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John Locke believed the mind to be a Tabula rasa (blank slate).
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Tabula rasa (blank slate)
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Religion based on reason and natural law, the Enlightenment's religion.
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Deism
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Belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone.
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Deism
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Some people reacted to the Enlightenment and did not believed that reason alone could explain the universe.
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reason alone
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Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes.
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Enlightenment Despots
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When Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies reacted.
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reacted
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Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and thus denied their natural rights they declared their independence.
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declared their independence.
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Created a government with Montesquieu's separation of powers and a federal system.
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U.S. Constitution
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Governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central government and regional governments.
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Federalism
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Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century.
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French Revolution
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Name for France's social classes.
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Estates
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King of France's at the beginning of the French Revolution.
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Louis XVI
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First Estate.
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Catholic Clergy
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Second Estate.
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Nobility
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Bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants.
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Third Estate
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Middle class.
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Bourgeoisie
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Large Gap between the rich and the poor, heavy tax burden on the Third Estate, First & Second Estate don't pay taxes, Enlightenment ideas of freedom & Equality, growth of the middle class, & wide spread.
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Causes of the French Revolution
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In 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General for the first time in over 150 years.
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Estates General
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Louis XVI called the Estates General because he needed to raise money.
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raise money
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Upper two estates wanted to vote as Estates.
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Estates
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Third Estate wanted to vote as delegates.
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delegates
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Louis XVI refused the Third Estate's request for a Mass Meeting (voting as delegates)
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Mass Meeting (voting as delegates)
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The Third Estate declared itself to be the Nation Assembly.
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National Assembly
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Members of the National Assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed.
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Tennis court oath
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Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the National Assembly.
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Louis XVI
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Ordered Swiss troops to Paris.
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Louis XVI
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French Royal Prison, attacked by Parisians to defend the National Assembly.
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Bastille.
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Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution.
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Storming of the Bastille.
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Voted to end special privileges of Nobility & Clergy (Old Regime).
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National Assembly.
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National Assembly guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion. Proclaimed all male citizens were equal but did not grant rights to women.
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"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen."
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In 1791 the National Assembly created a Limited Constitutional Monarchy.
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Limited Constitutional Monarchy.
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Working-class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution.
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sans-culottes
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Extreme radicals who demanded "true democracy."
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Jacobins
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Unpopular Queen of France.
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Marie Antoinette
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National Assembly declared war on Austria.
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Austria
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Seized control of Assembly, removed king of office. (French Revolution).
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Jacobins
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Jacobins killed people they claimed were Counter-revolutionaries.
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Counter-revolutionaries
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Called by Radicals to rewrite French constitution.
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National Convention
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National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a Republic.
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Republic
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Convicted of Treason and executed by National Convection.
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Louis XVI
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During the French Revolution European monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries allied against France.
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allied against France
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Because of threats from within, and without, the Convention formed the Committee of Public Safety.
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Committee of Public Safety.
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Jacobin became the head of the Committee of Public Safety.
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Robespierre
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To stop counter-revolution the committee began the Reign of Terror. (500,000 people arrested, 40,000 guillotined.
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Reign of Terror
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Used by committee to deal with invading armies.
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Mass mobilization
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Whole society helps to defeat enemy.
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Mass Moblization
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Members of the Convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. He was guillotined along with many of his followers.
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Robespierre
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Robespierre's death ended the Reign of Terror.
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Reign of Terror
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Took control of the Convention after the Reign of Terror.
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Bourgeoisie
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Conservative Government set up by the Convection after the end of the Reign of Terror.
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Directory
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Put in Command of France's armies by the Directory.
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Napoleon
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Seized power from the Directory in a Coup d' etat.
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Napoleon.
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Quick overthrow of government by a small group.
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Coup d' etat
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As first Cosul of the French Republic Napoleon assumed Dictatorial powers.
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Dictatorial powers
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Used soldiers to restore order to France.
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Napoleon
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Made the law clear and consistent in France.
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Napoleonic code
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Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon I by The will of the people.
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The will of the people
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Napoleon expanded his empire to include most of Europe.
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Europe
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British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.
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Horatio Nelson
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Because of his defeat at the Bttle of Trafalgar, Napoleon gave up on invading Britain.
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Britain
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Napoleon tried to keep British goods out of European ports.
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European ports
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Napoleon invaded IT because IT refused to stop selling goods to Britain.
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Russia
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Was a disaster because of winter conditions.
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Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
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Tactic used by Russians against Napoleon.
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Scorcehd-earth.
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On retreat from Russia Napoleon lost 4/5 of his troops.
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4/5 of his troops
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Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon at Lepzig Germany.
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Battle of Nations.
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After the Battle of Nations the Grand Alliance tooks Paris and exiled Napoleon to Elba.
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Elba
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Napoleon escaped Elba and upon returning to France won widespread support.
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won widespread support
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Napoleon's brief comeback.
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The 100 days.
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Napoleon's final defeat to Britain and Prussia.
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Waterloo.
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After Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena.
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St. Helena
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Data of Waterloo.
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A.D. 1815
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Napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldies spread the ideals of the French Revolution across Europe.
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French Revolution
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After the defeat of Napoleon it was held to create a new balance of power to preserve the peace.
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Congress of Vienna
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Leading figure at the Congress of Vienna.
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Metternich
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