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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.
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Absolute Monarchy
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Another name for he age of Monarchs.
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Age of Absolutism
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1500s and early 1600s.
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Spain
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Was both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain.
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Charles V
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Dynasty of Charles V and Philip II.
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Hapsburg
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When Charles V divided his empire his son Phillip II became _____.
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King of Spain
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Strongest monarch during Spanish supremacy.
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Philip II
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Philip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by____.
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Divine Right
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The idea that royal power is granted by God.
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Divine Right of Kings
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He used wealth (gold & silver) from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe.
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Philip II
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Philip II attempted to force all non-Catholics to_____.
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Catholic Faith
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He involved Spain in wars against the enemies of Catholicism. (Protestants, Muslims, etc).
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Philip II
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Philip II attempted to force all non-Catholics to_____.
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convert or leave Spain
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Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-Catholic elements from Spain.
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Spanish Inquisition
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This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe.
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American Colonies
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Philip II sent it to invade England.
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Spanish Armada
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Its defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European power.
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Spanish Armada
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In the late 1500s, France was torn by religious conflict between____.
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Catholics and Huguenots.
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French Protestant Calvinists.
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Huguenots.
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First Bourbon King.
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henry of Navarre/Henry IV
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Established the Edict Nantes
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Henry IV
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Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1598.
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Edict of Nantes
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Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII.
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Cardinal Richelieu.
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Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants.
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Cardinal Richelieu.
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Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian Protestants.
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Thirty Years War
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Started over religion ended up over the balance of power.
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Thirty Years War.
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Ended the 30 years war.
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Peace of Westphalia.
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Made the strongest country in Europe.
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Peace of Westphalia.
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Louis XIV Minister of Finance
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Colbert
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A tax on imports.
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Protective Tariff
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Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715.
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Louis XIV
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He weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in Luxury in his palace.
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Louis XIV
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In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the___.
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Edict of Nantes
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Strongest nations band together to keep a strong nation from domination.
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Balance of Power
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Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating.
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Balance of Power.
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War fought to keep Louis XIV's grandson off the throne of Spain.
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War of Spanish Succession.
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Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
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Treaty of Utrecht.
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Broke French Treasury and military power.
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War of Spanish Succession.
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Prevented the alliance of France and Spain
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Treaty of Utrecht
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His policies brought France near financial ruin and created class conflict.
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Louis XIV
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Philip II's English rival.
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Elizabeth I
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603
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Elizabeth I
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English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada.
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Sea Dogs
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603, last Tudor monarch.
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Elizabeth I
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First Stuart Monarch believed in the Divine Right of Kings.
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James I
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Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed Monarchs were only answerable to____.
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God
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Succeeded James I as King of England.
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Charles I
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His reign ended in England's civil war
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Charles I
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It was fought over who should rule England: Monarch or Parliament.
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English Civil War
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Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil War
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Cavaliers
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Those who supported Parliament in the English Civil War
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Roundheads
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Roundheads were mainly____. (religion)
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Puritans
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Led parliaments army to victory in the English Civil War.
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Oliver Cromwell
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The English Parliament tried and executed____.
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Charles I
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The House of commons abolished monarchy and declared England a republic called the____.
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commonwealth
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Cromwell drove out Parliament and set up a____.
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military dictatorship
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Name for Cromwell's military dictatorship
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Protectorate
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Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a ___
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Puritan moral Code
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Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for____.
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Catholics
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Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord Protector of England, but when England tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed by a ____.
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Military coup
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He was invited by Parliament to come back from exile and become king.
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Charles II
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The return of Charles II as King of England
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Restoration
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Restoration date
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A.D. 1660
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The Restoration gave England a ___.
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Constitutional monarchy.
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Catholic brother and successor to Charles II.
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James II
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English feared that James II would make Catholicism the____.
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State Religion
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Name for the bloodless deposing of James II.
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Glorious Revolution
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William and Mary were given joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution but they first had accept the ____.
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English Bill of Rights
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The English Bill of Rights made sure Parliament had more power than the ruler and established_____.
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limited monarchy
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Date of the Glorious Revolution.
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AD 1688
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Was selected by leading German princes but in reality did not have much power.
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Holy Roman Emperor
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Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the Throne of Austria
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Maria Theresa's dynasty
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Hapsburg
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Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of Monarchs.
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Hohenzollern.
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Centralized Prussian Govt. Made Prussian army the most efficient fighting force in Europe.
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Frederick William I
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Most powerful ruler in Prussian history
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Frederick II (the Great)
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He rejected the Pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succession.
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Frederick II (the Great)
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Maria Theresa keeps the throne of Austria, Austria loses Silesia.
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
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Starts as a struggle between Austria and Prussia becomes a struggle between England and France.
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Seven Years War
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Name of the Seven Years war in America.
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French and Indian War
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In 1650 Russia was an isolated and ____.
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Backward country.
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In 1650 Russia was an isolated and _____.
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backward country
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Title of the Russian ruler.
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Czar
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Czar who worked to modernize/Westernize Russia.
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Peter the Great.
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Peter the Great was an___.
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absolute monarch
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Peter fought the Swedes and the Turks to gain a _____.
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warm water port
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Peter the Great built the new capital of Russia_____.
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St. Petersburg
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She followed the lead of Peter the Great in embracing Western ideas and expanding Russia's borders.
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Cathrine the Great
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Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Enlightenment
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The Enlightenment celebrated the powers of ____.
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Reason
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Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious___.
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toleration
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Enlightenment thinkers sought to construct govt. free of __.
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tyranny
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Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with___.
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reason
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The Enlightenment was prompted by the ____(1500s and 1600s)
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Scientific Revoluton
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Sun is the center of the Solar System.
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Heliocentric theory
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He developed the Heliocentric theory.
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Copernicus.
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He developed a telescope and supported the Heliocentric theory.
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Galileo
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Probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual.
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Galileo
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Galileo was force to recant by the____.
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Catholic Church
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Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals
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Johannes Kepler
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His discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's.
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Isaac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of_____.
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Gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by___.
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natural laws
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Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as____.
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mechanical
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He developed Calculus.
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Isaac Newton
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Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau were all considered______.
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social contract theorists
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Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they _____.
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never had the right to revolt.
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Form of Government advocated by Thomas Hobbes.
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Absolute Monarchy
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He believed people had Natural Rights to Life, liberty, and property.
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John Locke
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John Locke believed the foundation of Govt. was a ___.
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Social Contract
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John Locke Believed that if people's natural rights were NOT protected, that had the ___.
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right to revolt.
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John Locke wrote in defense of the____.
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Glorious Revolution
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French Thinkers of the enlightenment.
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Philosophes(not philosophers)
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Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance. Wrote Candide.
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Voltaire.
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He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsequently revolutionized the world.
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Isaac Newton
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He combined enlightenment thinking into an Encyclopedia.
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Diderot
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Banned Diderot's encyclopedia.
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Catholic Church
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Dederot was _____ for his writings in the Encyclopedia.
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imprisoned
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Advocated a free market economy in the Wealth of Nations
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Adam Smith
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Name for complete free market economy (leave it alone)
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Laissez faire
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He believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by separating the power of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches.
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Montesquieu
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Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believed people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct.
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Rousseau
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Meetings for the discussion of ideas.
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Salons
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he believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method.
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Francis Bacon.
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He believed you should dobt everything which cannot be proved and in the search for truth you shouldn't start with faith but doubt.
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Rene Descartes
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The only thing Descartes found that he couldn't doubt was his______.
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own existence
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"I think therefore I am."
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Rene Descartes
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Doubt and question of all ideas.
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Skepticism
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A dial of the possibility of knowledge.
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Skepticism
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Total skeptic.
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David Hume
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He believed that reason could NOT be used to explain questions of metaphysics.
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Immanuel Kant
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Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions.
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Metaphysics
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Kant believed that things that can't be perceived in ____ cannot be known.
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experience
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John Locke believed the mind to be a______.
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Tabula rasa (blank slate)
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Religion based on reason and natural law, the Enlightenment's religion.
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Deism
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Belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone.
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Deism
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Some people reacted to the Enlightenment and did not believe that _______ could explain the universe.
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Reason alone.
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Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes.
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Enlightened Despots.
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When Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies______.
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reacted.
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Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed w/o their representation and thus denied their natural rights they_______.
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declared their independence.
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Created a govt.k with Montesqieus's separation of powers and a federal system.
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U.S. Constitution
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Governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central govt. and regional govt.'s.
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Federalism
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Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century.
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French Revolution
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Name for France's social classes.
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Estates
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King of France at the beginning of the French Revolution.
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Louis XIV
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First estate.
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Catholic Clergy
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Second Estate
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Nobility
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Third Estate
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Bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants.
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Middle Class
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Bourgeoisie
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Large Gap between the rich and the poor, heavy tax burden on the Third Estate, First and Second Estate don't pay taxes, Enlightenment ideas of freedom and equality, growth of the middle class wide spread.
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Causes of French Revolution
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In 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the ___ for the first time in over 150 years.
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Estates General.
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Louis XVI called the Estates General because he needed to ___.
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raise money
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Upper 2 estates wanted to vote as ___.
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Estates.
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Third Estate wanted to vote as___.
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Delegates.
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Louis XVI refused the third Estate's request for a ____.
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Mass Meeting (voting as delegates).
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The third Estate declared itself to be the____.
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National Assembly
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Members of the National Assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed.
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Tennis court oath.
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Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the National Assembly.
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Louis XVI.
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Ordered Swiss troops to Paris.
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Louis XVI.
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French Royal Prison, attacked by Partisans to defend the National Assembly.
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Bastille.
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Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution.
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Storming of the Bastille.
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Voted to end special privileges of Nobility and Clergy. (old regime)
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National Assembly.
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National Assembly guaranteed freedom of speech, press and religion. Proclaimed all male citizens were equal but didn't grant rights to women.
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"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen."
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In 1791 the National Assembly created a ____.
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Limited Constitutional Monarchy.
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Working-class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution.
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sans-culottes
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Extreme radicals who demanded "true democracy".
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Jacobins.
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Jacobins killed people they claimed were ____.
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Counter-revolutionaries
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Called by Radicals to rewrite French Constitution.
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National Convention
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National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a _____.
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Republic
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Convicted of Treason and executed by the National Convention.
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Louis XVI
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During the French Revolution European monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries ______.
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allied against France.
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Because of threats from within, and without, the Convention formed the ____.
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Committee of Public Safety
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Jacobin became the head of the Committee of Public Safety.
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Robespierre.
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To stop counter-revolution the committee began the ______. (500,000 arrested, 40,000 guillotined)
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Reign of Terror.
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Used by committee to deal with invading armies.
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Mass Mobilization.
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Whole society helps to defeat enemy.
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Mass Mobilization.
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Members of the Convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. He was gillotined along with many of his followers.
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Robespierre.
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Robespierres's death ended the _______.
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Reign of Terror
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Took control of the Convention after the Reign of Terror.
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Directory.
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Conservative govt. set up by the Convention after the end of the Reign of Terror.
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Directory.
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Put in Command of France's armies by the Directory.
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Napoleon.
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Seized powere from the Directory in a Coup d' etat.
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Napoleon.
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Quick overthrow of govt. by a small group.
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Coup d' etat.
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As first Consul of the French Rpublic Napoleon assumed ______.
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Dictatorial powers.
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Used soldiers to restore order to France.
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Napoleon.
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Made the law clear and consistent in France.
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Napoleonic Code.
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Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon I by ______.
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The will of the people.
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Napoleon expanded his empire to include most of ______.
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Europe.
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British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.
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Horatio Nelson.
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Because of his defeat at the BAttle of Trafalgar, Napoleon gave up on ____.
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Invading Britain.
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Napoleon tried to keep British goods out of ____.
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European ports.
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Napoleon invaded IT because IT refused to stop selling goods to Britain.
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Russia
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Was a disaster because of winter conditions.
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Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
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Tactic used by Russians against Napoleon.
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Scorched-Earth.
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On retreat from Russia Napoleon lost ____.
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4/5 of his troops.
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Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon at Leipzig Germany.
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Battle of Nations.
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After the Battle of Nations the Grand Alliance took Paris and exiled Napoleon to _____.
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Elba.
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Napoleon escaped Elba and upon returning to France _____.
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won widespread support.
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Napoleon's brief comeback.
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The 100 days.
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Napoleon's final defeat to Britain and Prussia.
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Waterloo.
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After Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to _____.
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St. Helena.
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Date of Waterloo.
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1815 AD
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Napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the ___ across Europe.
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French Revolution.
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After the defeat of Napoleon it was held to create a new balance of power to preserve the peace.
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Congress of Vienna.
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Leading figure at the Congress of Vienna.
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Metternich.
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