Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.
|
Absolute Monarchy
|
|
|
Another name for the Age of Monarchs.
|
Age of Absolutism
|
|
|
Strongest nation in Europe during the 1500's and early 1600's.
|
Spain
|
|
|
Was both the Holy Roman Empire and the king of Spain.
|
Charles V
|
|
|
Dynasty of Charles V and Phillip II.
|
Hapsburg
|
|
|
When Charles V divided his empire his son Phillip II became____.
|
King of Spain
|
|
|
Strongest monarch during Spanish supremacy.
|
Phillip II
|
|
|
Phillip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by_____.
|
Divine rights
|
|
|
The idea that royal power is granted by God.
|
Divine rights of Kings
|
|
|
He used wealth (gold and silver)
from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe. |
Phillip II
|
|
|
Phillip II saw Spain as the defender of the____.
|
Catholic Faith
|
|
|
He involved Spain in wars against the enemies of Catholicism.
|
Phillip II
|
|
|
Phillip II attempted to force all non-Catholics to.
|
convert or leave Spain
|
|
|
Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-Catholic elements from Spain.
|
Spanish Inquisition
|
|
|
This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe.
|
American colonies
|
|
|
Phillip !! sent it to invade England.
|
Spanish Armada
|
|
|
It's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Span's decline as the leading European power.
|
Spanish Armada
|
|
|
In the late 1500's, France was torn by religious conflict between______.
|
Catholics and Huguenots
|
|
|
French Protestant Calvinists.
|
Huguenots
|
|
|
First Bourbon King.
|
Henry of Navarre/Henry IV
|
|
|
Established the Edict Nantes.
|
Henry IV
|
|
|
Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1588.
|
Edict of Nantes
|
|
|
Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII.
|
Cardinal Richelieu
|
|
|
Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of the Protestants.
|
Cardinal Richelieu
|
|
|
Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian Protestants.
|
Thirty Years War
|
|
|
Started over religion ended up over the balance of power.
|
Thirty Years War
|
|
|
Ended the Thirty Years War.
|
Peace of Westphalia
|
|
|
Made France the strongest country in Europe.
|
Peace of Westphalia
|
|
|
Louis XIV Minister of finance.
|
Colbert
|
|
|
A tax on imports.
|
Protective tariff
|
|
|
Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715.
|
Louis XIV
|
|
|
He weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in Luxury in his palace.
|
Louis XIV
|
|
|
Strongest French Monarch.
|
Louis XIV
|
|
|
In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the___.
|
Edict of Nantes
|
|
|
Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600's.
|
France
|
|
|
Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating.
|
Balance of Power
|
|
|
War fought to keep Louis XIV's grandson off the throne of Spain.
|
War of Spanish Succession
|
|
|
Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
|
Treaty of Utrecht
|
|
|
Broke French Treasury and military power.
|
War of Spanish Succession
|
|
|
Prevented the alliance of France and Spain.
|
Treaty of Utrecht
|
|
|
His policies brought France near financial ruin and created class conflict.
|
Louis XIV
|
|
|
Phillips II's English rival.
|
Elizabeth I
|
|
|
Ruled England from 1558 to 1603.
|
Elizabeth I
|
|
|
English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada.
|
Sea Dogs
|
|
|
Ruled England from 1558 to 1603, last Tudor monarch.
|
Elizabeth I
|
|
|
First Stuart Monarch believed in the Divine Right of Kings.
|
James I
|
|
|
Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed Monarchs were only answerable to____.
|
God
|
|
|
Succeeded James I as King of England.
|
Charles I
|
|
|
His reign ended in England's civil war.
|
Charles I
|
|
|
It was fought over who should rule England: Monarch or Parliament.
|
England civil war
|
|
|
Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil War.
|
Cavaliers
|
|
|
Those who supported Parliament in English Civil War.
|
Roundheads
|
|
|
Roundheads were mainly___.(religion)
|
Puritans
|
|
|
Led parliament's army to victory in the English Civil War.
|
Oliver Cromwell
|
|
|
The English Parliament tried and executed _____..
|
Charles I
|
|
|
The house of commons abolished monarchy and declared England a republic called the__________.
|
commonwealth
|
|
|
Cromwell drove out Parliament and set up a_______.
|
military dictatorship
|
|
|
Name for Cromwell's military dictatorship.
|
Protectorate
|
|
|
Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a____.
|
Puritan moral Code
|
|
|
Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for___.
|
Catholics
|
|
|
Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord Protector of England, but when England tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed by a ____.
|
Military coup
|
|
|
He was invited by Parliament to come back from exile and become king.
|
Charles II
|
|
|
The return of Charles II a King of England.
|
Restoration
|
|
|
Restoration date.
|
A.D. 1660
|
|
|
The Restoration gave England a___.
|
James II
|
|
|
English feared that James II would make Catholicism the____.
|
State Religion
|
|
|
Name for the bloodless deposing of James II.
|
Glorious Revolution
|
|
|
William and Mary were joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution but they first had accept the ______.
|
English Bill of Rights
|
|
|
The English Bill of Rights made sure Parliament had more power than the ruler and established_____.
|
limited monarchy
|
|
|
Date of the Glorious Revolution.
|
AD 1688
|
|
|
Date of the Glorious Revolution.
|
AD 1688
|
|
|
Was selected by leading German princes but in reality did not have much power.
|
Holy Roman Emperor
|
|
|
Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the throne of Austria
|
Pragmatic Sanction
|
|
|
Maria Theresa dynasty
|
Hapsburg
|
|
|
Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of Monarchs
|
Hohenzollern
|
|
|
Centralized Prussian Government. Made Prussian army the most efficient fighting force in Europe
|
Fredrick William I
|
|
|
Most powerful ruler in Prussian History
|
Fredrick II
|
|
|
He rejected the Pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succession
|
Fredrick II
|
|
|
Maria Theresa keeps the throne of Austria, Austria loses Silesia
|
treaty of Alx-la-Chapelle
|
|
|
Starts as a struggle between Austria and Prussia becomes a struggle between England and France
|
Seven years war
|
|
|
Name of seven years war in America
|
French and Indian war
|
|
|
in 1650 was an isolated and
|
backward country
|
|
|
title of russian leader
|
Czar
|
|
|
czar who worked on modernize/westernize russia
|
peter the great
|
|
|
peter the great was an
|
absolute monarch
|
|
|
peter fought the swedes and turks to gain a
|
warm water port
|
|
|
peter the great built the new capital of russia
|
saint petersburg
|
|
|
she followed the lead of peter the great in embracing western ideas and expanding russia's borders
|
catherine the great
|
|
|
intellectual movement of 17th and 18th centuries
|
enlightenment
|
|
|
the enlightenment celebrated the powers of
|
reason
|
|
|
enlightened thinkers promoted religious
|
toleration
|
|
|
enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of
|
tyranny
|
|
|
enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with
|
reason
|
|
|
the enlightenment was prompted by the
|
Scientific rvolution
|
|
|
sun in the center of the solar system
|
helicentric theory
|
|
|
he developed the heliocentric theory
|
copernicus
|
|
|
he developed a telescope and supported the helicentric theory
|
galileo
|
|
|
probably more responsible for the development of scientific metho than any other individual
|
galileo galilel
|
|
|
galileo was forced to recant by the
|
catholic church
|
|
|
demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals
|
johannes kepler
|
|
|
his discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's
|
issac newton
|
|
|
he laid the foundations for the scientific theories that susquently revolutionized the world
|
Isaac newton
|
|
|
newton developed the theory of
|
gravity
|
|
|
newton discovered the universe is governed by
|
natural laws
|
|
|
newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
|
mechanical
|
|
|
he developed calculus
|
isaac newton
|
|
|
hobbes and locke and rousseau were all considered
|
social contact theorists
|
|
|
because thomas hobbes beleived
|
never had the right to revolt
|
|
|
form of government by thomas hobbes
|
absolute monarchy
|
|
|
he believed people had natural rights to life, liberty and property
|
john locke
|
|
|
john locke believed the foundation of government was a
|
social contact
|
|
|
john locke believed that if people's natural rights were not protected
|
right to revolt
|
|
|
john locke wrote in defence of the
|
glorious revolution
|
|
|
french thinkers of the enlightenment
|
philosophes
|
|
|
Philosophe who campainged against intolerance
|
voltaire
|
|
|
he combined enlightenment thinking into an encyclopedia
|
diderot
|
|
|
banned Diderot's encyclopedia
|
catholic church
|
|
|
diderot was ----- for his writings in the encyclopedia
|
imprisoned
|
|
|
advocated a free market economy in the wealth of nations
|
adam smith
|
|
|
name for complete free market economy
|
laissez faire
|
|
|
he beleived that the best way to protect people's liberties was by seperating the power of government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches
|
Montesquieu
|
|
|
Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason
|
Rosseau
|
|
|
meetings for the discussion of ideas
|
salons
|
|
|
he believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment.
|
Francis Bacon
|
|
|
he believed you should doubt everything which cannot be proven,
|
Rene Descartes
|
|
|
the only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his
|
own existence
|
|
|
I think therefore i am
|
Rene Descartes
|
|
|
doubt and question all ideas
|
skepticism
|
|
|
a denial of the possibility of knowledge
|
Skepticism
|
|
|
total skeptic
|
david hume
|
|
|
he denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another
|
David Hume
|
|
|
He believed that reason could not be used to explain questions of metaphysics
|
Immanuel Kant
|
|
|
tries to answer ultimate and universal questions
|
Metaphysics
|
|
|
Kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in____________ cannot be known
|
experience
|
|
|
john Locke believed the mind to be a
|
Tubula rasa
|
|
|
religion based on reason and natural law
|
Deism
|
|
|
Belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and left it alone
|
Deism
|
|
|
Some people reacted to the Enlightenment and did not believe that ___ could explain the universe
|
reason alone
|
|
|
Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes
|
Enlightened Despots
|
|
|
when Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies__
|
reacted
|
|
|
Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and thus denied their natural rights they
|
declared their independence
|
|
|
created a government with Montesquieu's separation of powers and federal system
|
U.S. Constitution
|
|
|
Governmental power is divided between a central government and regional governments
|
Federalism
|
|
|
Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century
|
French Revolution
|
|
|
name of France's social classes
|
Estates
|
|
|
king of France at the beginning of the French revolution
|
Louis XVI
|
|
|
first Estate
|
catholic clergy
|
|
|
second Estate
|
Nobility
|
|
|
Bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants
|
third Estate
|
|
|
Middle Class
|
Bourgeoisie
|
|
|
Large gap between the rich and the poor
|
Causes of the French Revolution
|
|
|
in 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the _____ for the first time in over 150 years
|
Estates General
|
|
|
Louis XVI called the Estates General because he needed to
|
raise money
|
|
|
Upper two estates wanted to vote as
|
Estates
|
|
|
Third estate wanted to vote as
|
delegates
|
|
|
Louis XVI refused the third Estate's request for a
|
Mass Meeting
|
|
|
the third estate declared itself to be the
|
National convention
|
|
|
Members of the National Assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was complete
|
Tennis court oath
|
|
|
ordered all three estates to negotiate in the National Assembly
|
Louis XVI
|
|
|
Ordered Swiss troops to Paris
|
Louis XVI
|
|
|
French Royal Prison, attacked by Parisans to defend the National Assembly
|
Bastille
|
|
|
Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution
|
Storming of the Bastille
|
|
|
voted to end special privileges
of Nobility and Clergy |
National Assembly
|
|
|
National Assembly declared freedom of speech
|
Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen
|
|
|
in 1791 the national Assembly created a
|
Limited Constitutional Monarchy
|
|
|
working-class men and woman who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution
|
sans-culottes
|
|
|
Extreme radicals who demanded true democracy
|
Jacobins
|
|
|
Unpopular Queen of France
|
Marie Antoinette
|
|
|
National Assembly declared war on
|
Austria
|
|
|
Seized control of assembly
|
Jacobins
|
|
|
Jacobins killed people they claimed were
|
Counter-revolutionaries
|
|
|
called by radicals to rewrite French Constitution
|
National Convention
|
|
|
National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a
|
Republic
|
|
|
Convincted the Treason and executed by the National Convention
|
Louis XVI
|
|
|
During the French Revolution European monarchies fearing the spead of revolustions
|
allied against France
|
|
|
because of threats from within and without the convention formed thw
|
committee of public safety
|
|
|
jacobin became the head of the committee of public safety
|
Robespierre
|
|
|
to stop counter revolution the committee began the ___
|
Reign of terror
|
|
|
used by committee to deal with invading armies
|
mass mobilization
|
|
|
whole society helps to defeat enemy
|
mass mobilization
|
|
|
members of the convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety
|
Robespierre
|
|
|
Robespierre's death ended the ______
|
reign of terror
|
|
|
took control of the convention after the reign of terror
|
Bourgeoisie
|
|
|
conservative government set up by the convention after the end of reign of terror
|
directory
|
|
|
put in contol of france's army by the directory
|
Napoleon
|
|
|
seized power from the directory in a couped' estate
|
Napoleon
|
|
|
quick overthrow of government by a small group
|
coup d' etat
|
|
|
as first consul of the french republic napoleon assumed__
|
dictorial powers
|
|
|
used soldiers to restore order to france
|
napoleon
|
|
|
made the law clear and consistent
|
napoleonic code
|
|
|
bonaprte became Emperor Napoleon I by ___
|
the will of the people
|
|
|
napoleon expanded his empire to include most of
|
Europe
|
|
|
british admiral who defeated napoleon at the battle of trafalgar
|
horatio nelson
|
|
|
napoleon gave up on
|
invading britian
|
|
|
napoleon tied to keep british goods out of
|
European ports
|
|
|
napoleon invaded it because it refused to stop selling goods to britain
|
russia
|
|
|
was a disater because of winter conditions
|
napoleon's invation of russia
|
|
|
tactic used from russia napoleon lost
|
4/5 of his army
|
|
|
grand alliance defeated napoleon at leipzig germany
|
battle of nations
|
|
|
after the battle of nations the grand alliance took paris and exiled napoleon to
|
elba
|
|
|
napoleon escaped elba and upon returning to france
|
won widespread support
|
|
|
napoleon's brief comeback
|
the 100 days
|
|
|
napoleon's final deafeat to britain and prussia
|
waterloo
|
|
|
after waterloo napoleon was exiled to
|
st. helena
|
|
|
date of waterloo
|
AD 1815
|
|
|
napoeleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the ____ across Europe
|
French Revolution
|
|
|
after the deafeat of napoelon it was held to create a new balance of power to preserve the peace
|
congress of vienna
|
|
|
leading figure at the congress of Vienna
|
Metternich
|
|
|
leading figure at congress of vienna
|
Metternich
|
