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252 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.
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Absolute Monarchy
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Another name for the Monarchs.
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Age of Absolutism
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Strongest Nation in Europe during the 1500s and early 1600s.
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Spain
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Was both the holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain.
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Charles the 5th
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Dynasty of Charles the 5th and Philip II...
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Hapsburg
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When Charles the 5th divided his empire his son Philip II became...
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King of Spain
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Strongest Monarch during Spanish supremacy.
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Philip II
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Philip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by...
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Divine Right
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The idea that royal power is granted by GOD.
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Divine Right of Kings
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He used wealth (gold & silver) from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe.
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Philip II
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Phillip II saw Spain as the defender of the...
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Catholic Faith
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He involved Spain wars against the enemies of the Catholicism. (Protestant, Muslims, ect..)
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Philip II
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Philip II attempted to force all non-Catholics to...
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convert or leave Spain
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Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catholic elements from Spain.
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Spanish Inquisition
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This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe...
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American Colonies
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Philip II sent it to invade England..
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Spanish Armada
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It's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European power.
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Spanish Armada
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In the late 1500s, France was torn by religious conflict between...
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Catholics & Huguenots
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French Protestant Alvinists
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Huguenots
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First Bourbon King
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Henry of Navarre/Henry IV
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Established the Edict Nantes...
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Henry IV
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Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1598...
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Edict of Nantes
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Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII...
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of protestants.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian protestants...
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Thirty Year War
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Started over religion ended up over the balance of power.
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Thirty Year War
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Ended the 30 Years War
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Peace Westphalia
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Made France the strongest country in Europe
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Peace Westphalia
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Louis XIV Minister of France
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Colbert
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A tax on import
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Protective stariff
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Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715
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Louis XIV
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He weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in luxury in his place
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Louis XIV
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Strongest French Monarch
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Edict of Nantes
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600s
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France
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Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating
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Balance of Power
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War fought to Keep Louis XIV grandson off the throne of Spain
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War of Spanish Succession
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Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1598...
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Edict of Nantes
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Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII...
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of protestants.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian protestants...
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Thirty Year War
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Started over religion ended up over the balance of power.
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Thirty Year War
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Ended the 30 Years War
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Peace Westphalia
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Made France the strongest country in Europe
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Peace Westphalia
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Louis XIV Minister of France
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Colbert
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A tax on import
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Protective stariff
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Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715
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Louis XIV
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He weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in luxury in his place
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Louis XIV
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Strongest French Monarch
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Edict of Nantes
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600s
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France
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Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating
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Balance of Power
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War fought to Keep Louis XIV grandson off the throne of Spain
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War of Spanish Succession
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Ended the War of Spanish succession
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Treaty of Utrecht
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Broke French Treasury and military Power
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War of Spanish Succession
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Prevention the alliance of France and Spain
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Treaty of Utrecht
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His policies brought France near financial ruin and created class conflict
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Louis XIV
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Philip II English rival
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Elizabeth I
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Ruled England from 1658 to 1603
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Elizabeth I
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English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada
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Sea dogs
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603, last Tudor monarch
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Elizabeth I
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First Stuart Monarch believed in the divine Right of Kings
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James I
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Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed monarchs were only answerable to...
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GOD
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Succeeded James I as King of England
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Charles I
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His reign ended in England's civil War
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Charles I
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It was fought over who should Rule England: Monarch or parliment
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English Civil War
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Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil War
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Calaliers
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Those who supported parliament in the England Civil War
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Roundheads
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Roundheads were mainly
(religion) |
puritans
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Led parliament's army to victory in the English Civil War
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Oliver Cormwell
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The English parliament tried and executed
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Charles I
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The house of Commons abolish monarchy and declared England a republic called the
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commonwelth
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Cormwell drove out Parliament and set up a
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military dictatorship
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Name for Cormwell's military dictatorship
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Protectorate
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Cormwell's dictatorship enforced a
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Puritan moral Code
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Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for
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Catholics
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Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as lord Protector of England, but when England tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed by a
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Military coup
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He was invited by a parliament to come back from exile and became King
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Charles II
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The return of Charles II as a King of England
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Restoration
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Restoration date
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A.D. 1600
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The restoration gave England a
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Constitutional monarchy
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Catholic brother and successor to Charles II
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James II
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English feared that James II would make Catholicism the
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State Religion
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Name for the bloodless deposing of James II
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Glorious Revolution
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William & Mary were given joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution but they first had except
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English Bill of Rights
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The English Bill of Rights made sure parliament had more power than the ruler established
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limited monarchy
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Date of Glorious Revolution
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A.D. 1688
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Was elected by leading German princes but in reality did not have much power
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Holy Roman Emperor
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Allow Theresa th inherit the Throne of Austria.
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Maria Theresa' dynasty
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Hapsburg
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Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of monarchs
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hohensollern
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Centralized Prussian Government. Made Prussian Army the most efficient fight force in Europe
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Fredrick William I
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Most powerful ruler in Prussian History
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Fredrick II (The Great)
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he rejected the Pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succession
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Fredrick II (the great)
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Maria Theresa keeps the throne of Austria, Austria loses Silesia
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
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Starts as a struggle between Austria & Prussia becomes a struggle between England & France
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Seven Years War
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Name of the Seven Years war in America
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French & Indian War
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In 1650 Russia was an isolated and
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backward country
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Title of the Russian Ruler
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Czar
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Czar who worked to modernize/Westernize Russia
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Peter the Great
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Peter the Great was an
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absolute monarch
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Peter fought the Swedes and the Turks to gain an
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warm water port
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Peter the Great built the new capital of Russia
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Petersburg
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She followed the lead of Peter the Great in embracing Western ideas and expanding Russia's border
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Catherine the Great
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Intellectual movement of the 17th & 18th centuries
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Enlightenment
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The Enlightenment celebrated the powers of
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Reason
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Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious
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toleration
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Enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of
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tyranny
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Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with
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reason
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The Enlightenment was prompted by the (1500s & 1600s)
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Scientific Revolution
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Sun is the center of the Solar System
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Heliocentric theory
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He developed a telescope and supported the Heliocentric theory
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Galileo
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Probably more responsible for the development of the scientific method than any other individual
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo was forced to repant by the
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Catholic church
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Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals.
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Johannes Kelper
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His discoveries change the view of the universe more than any one else's
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Isaac Newton
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He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that susquently revolutionized the world
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Isaac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of
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Gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by
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natural laws
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Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
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mechanical
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He developed calculus
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Isaac Newton
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Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau were all considered
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social contract theorists
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Enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of
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tyranny
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Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with
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reason
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The Enlightenment was prompted by the (1500s & 1600s)
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Scientific Revolution
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Sun is the center of the Solar System
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Heliocentric theory
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He developed a telescope and supported the Heliocentric theory
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Galileo
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Probably more responsible for the development of the scientific method than any other individual
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo was forced to repant by the
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Catholic church
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Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals.
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Johannes Kelper
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His discoveries change the view of the universe more than any one else's
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Isaac Newton
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He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that susquently revolutionized the world
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Isaac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of
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Gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by
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natural laws
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Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
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mechanical
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He developed calculus
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Isaac Newton
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Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau were all considered
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social contract theorists
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Enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of
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tyranny
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Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with
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reason
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The Enlightenment was prompted by the (1500s & 1600s)
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Scientific Revolution
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Sun is the center of the Solar System
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Heliocentric theory
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He developed a telescope and supported the Heliocentric theory
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Galileo
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Probably more responsible for the development of the scientific method than any other individual
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo was forced to repant by the
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Catholic church
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Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals.
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Johannes Kelper
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His discoveries change the view of the universe more than any one else's
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Isaac Newton
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He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that susquently revolutionized the world
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Isaac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of
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Gravity
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Newton discovered that the universe is governed by
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natural laws
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Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
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mechanical
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He developed calculus
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Isaac Newton
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Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau were all considered
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social contract theorists
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Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they
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never had the right to revolt
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form of government advocated by Thomas Hobbes
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Absolute Monarchy
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He believed people had Natural Rights to life liberty and property
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John Locke
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John Locke believed the foundation of government was
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Social Compact
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John Locke Believed that if people's natural rights were not
protected, they had the |
Right to revolt
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John Locke wrote in defense of the
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Glorious Revolution
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French Thinkers of the enlightenment
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Philosophies(not Philosophers)
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Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance.
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Voltaire
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He combined enlightenment thinking into an Encyclopedia
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Diderot
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Banned Diderot's Encyclopedia
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Catholic Church
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Diderot was for his writings in the Nations
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imprisoned
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Advocated a free market economy in the Wealth of Nations
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Adam Smith
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Name For complete free market economy (leave it alone)
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Laissez faire
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He believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by separating the power of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches
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Montesquieu
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Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believe people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct
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Resseau
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Meetings for the discussion of ideas
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Salons
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He believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method
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Francis Bacon
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He believe you should doubt ever thing which cannot be proved, and in the search for truth you should start NT with faith but without doubt
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Rene Descartes
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the only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his
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own existance
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"I think therefore I am."
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Rene Descartes
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Doubt and question all ideas
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Skepticism
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A denial of the possibility
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Skepticism
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Total skeptic
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David Hume
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He denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another. Denied knowledge of cause & effect
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David Hume
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He believed that reason could not be used to explain questions of metaphysics
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Immanuel Kant
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Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions
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Metaphisics
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Kant believed that things cannot be perceived in cannot be known
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experience
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John Locke believed the mind to be a
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Tabula rasa (blank slate)
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Religion based on reason and natural law, the Enlightenment's religion
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Deism
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Belief that GOD started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone
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Deism
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Some people reacted to he Enlightenment and did not believe that could explain the universe
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reason alone
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Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive and social cchanges
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Enlightened Deposites
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When Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies
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reacted
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Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and and thus denied their natural rights they
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declared their independence
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Created a government with Montesquie's
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U.S. Constitution
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Government power (sovereignty) is divided between a central government and regional government
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Federalism
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inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19 century
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French Revolution
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Name for France's social classes
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Estates
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King of France at the beginning of the French revolution
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Louis XVI
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First Estate
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Catholic Clergy
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Second Estate
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Noblility
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Bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants
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Third Estate
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Middle class
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Bourgeosie
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Large Gap between the rich and the poor, heavy tax burden on the Third Estate, First and Second Estate don't pay taxes, Enlightenment ideas of freedom & Equality, growth of the middle class, & wide spread
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Causes of the French Revolution
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In 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the for the first time in over 150 yrs
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Estate General
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Louis XVI called the Estate General because he needed to
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raise money
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Upper to Estates wanted to vote
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Estates
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Third Estate to vote as
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delegates
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Louis XVI refused the Third Estate's request for a
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Mass Meeting (voting as delegates)
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The Third Estate declared its self to be the
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National Convention
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Members of the National Assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed
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Tennis Court Oath
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Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the National Assembly
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Louis XVI
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Ordered Swiss Troops to Paris
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LOUIS XVI
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French Royal Prison, Attacked by Parisians to defend The National Assembly
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Bastille
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Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution
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Storming of the Bastille
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Voted to end special privileges of the Nobility & Clergy (old regime)
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National Assembly
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National Assembly guaranteed freedom of speech press, and religion. Proclaimed all male citizens were not equal but did not grant rights to woman
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"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen."
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In 1791 the National Assembly created a
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Limited Constitutional Monarchy
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Working-class men and woman who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution
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sans-culottes
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Extreme radicals who demanded "true democracy"
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Jacobins
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Unpopular Queen of France
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Marie Antoinette
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National Assembly declared war on
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Australia
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Seized control of Assembly, removed king from office. (French Revolution)
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Jacobins
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Jacobin's killed people who claimed were
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Counter-Revolutionaries)
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Called by Radicals to rewrite French Constitution
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National Convevtion
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National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a
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Republic
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convicted of Treason And executed by the National Convention
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Louis XVI
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During the French Revolution European monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries
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allied against France
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Because of threats from within, and without(w/o), the Convention formed the
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Committee of Public Safety
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Jacobin became the head of he Committee of Safety
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Robespierre
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To stop counter-revolution the committee began the . (500,000 people arrested, 40,000 guillotion.)
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Reign of Terror
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Used by committee to deal with invading armies
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Mass Moblization
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Whole society helps defeat enemy
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Mass Mobilization
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Members of the Convention turned on him because they feared their for own safety. He was guillotioned along with many of his followers.
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Rosespierre
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Robespierre's death ended the
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Reign of Terror
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Took control of the Convention after the Reign of Terror
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Bourgeoisie
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Conservative Government set up by the Convention after the end of the Reign of Terror
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Directory
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Put in Command of France's armies by the Directory
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Napoleon
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Seized power from the Directory in a Coup d' estate.
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Napoleon
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Quick overthrow of government by a small group.
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Coup d' estate
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As first Consul to the French Republic Napoleon assumed
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Dictatorial powers
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used soldiers to restore order to France
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Napoleon
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Made in law clear and consistent in France
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Napoleonic code
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Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon I by
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The will of people
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Napoleon expanded his empire to include most of
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Europe
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British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar
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Horatio Nelson
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Because of his defeat at the battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon gave up on
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invading Britian
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Napoleon tried to keep British goods out of
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European ports
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napoleon invaded IT because IT refused to stop selling goods to Britain
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Russia
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Was a disaster because of winter conditions
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Napoleons invasion of Russia
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Tactic used by Russians against Napoleon
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Scorched-earth
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On retreat from Russia Napoleon lost
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4/5 of his Troops
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Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon at Lepzing Germany
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Battle of Nations
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After the Battle of Nations the Grand Alliance took Paris and exiled Napoleon to
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Elba
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Napoleon escaped Elba and upon returning to France
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won widespread support
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Napoleon's brief comeback
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The 100 days
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Napoleon's final defeat to Britain and PRussia
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Waterloo
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After Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to
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St.Helena
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Date of Waterloo
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A.D. 1815
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Napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the across Europe
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French Revolution
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After the defeat of Napoleon it was held to create a new balance of power to preserve the peace
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Congress of Vienna
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Leading figure at the Congress of Vienna
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Metternich
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