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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a civilization?
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a complex culture that can produce a surplus of food, establishing large towns with a government, and has people who perform different jobs p4
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What is division of labor?
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characteristic of a civilization in which different people perfom different jobs; job specialization p4
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What is cultural diffusion?
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spread of culture from one area of the world to another p4
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What is cuneiform?
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Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets p5
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Who was Menes?
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King of Egypt (early civilization along Nile River in North Afica). Sometime after 3200 BC, he united Upper Egypt (south), and Lower Egypt (north). p4
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Who was Amenhotep IV?
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Pharoah of Egypt. In 1300s BC tried to make people adopt monotheism. p5
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Who was Hammurabi?
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In about 1792 BC he was a powerful ruler in the city of Babylon and upper Tigris-Euphrates Valley. He is best known for the Code of Hammurabi, a collection of laws. p5
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What are the characteristics of a civilization?
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surplus food, large towns or cities with some form of government, division of labor
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What are the characteristics of a civilization?
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surplus food, large towns or cities with some form of government, division of labor
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Where did the first civilizations develop, and why did they develop in these areas?
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Nile Valley in Africa; Tigris-Euphrates Valley in Southwest Asia; Indus Valley in South Asia; and Huang He in East Asia. they are all in river valleys wher water was available to irrigate farm fields
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Where did the first civilizations develop, and why did they develop in these areas?
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Nile Valley in Africa; Tigris-Euphrates Valley in Southwest Asia; Indus Valley in South Asia; and Huang He in East Asia. they are all in river valleys wher water was available to irrigate farm fields
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What is ethical monotheism?
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Religion believing in one god, emphasizing ethics p6
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What is a caste system?
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Complex form of social organization that began to take shape after the Indo-Aryan migration p8
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Who was Siddhartha Gautama?
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Founder of Buddhism religion which originated in ancient India. Known as Buddha or "The Enlightened One" Taught about Four Noble Truths, and Eightfold Path. p8
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What was Shang dynasty?
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China's first dynasty which began along the Huang River sometime between 1750 BC & 1500 BC. p9
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What was the Zhou?
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People who conquered the Shang in about 1050 BC and created new Chinese dynasty claiming that the right to rule was divinely granted. They argued that this right, which they called "Mandate of Heaven," had passed to them p9
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What was the Qin?
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Chinese dynasty founded in 221 BC after 800 years of Zhou rule. The Qin united China under a strong, central government. with standardized weights, measures and coinage. Also created a uniform system of writing and taxation. p9-10
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What is the Han?
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Chinese Dynasty created by Liu Bang who overthrew the Qin in 206 BC. The Han kept a strong centralized government but ruled less harshly. They increased trade & expanded frontiers. China prospered under Han rule and created many new tools and luxury goods including paper.
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How was the Indo-Aryan society structured? Use a pyramid structure starting at the top.
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warriors/priests at the top, followed by merchants, traders, farmers, and servants at the bottom.
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What was the sequence of the first four dynasties in Ancient China?
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Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han p9-10
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What was the first dynasty of China and what was a major accomplishment of it?
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Shang- first dynasty, writing, They also created a religious tradition that combined animis (belief the spirits live in everything) and ancestor worship. p9
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What did the Zhou claim as their right to rule?
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Zhou - power was divinely granted , they called this right the "Mandate of Heaven" p9
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What were some major accomplishments of the Qin in
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Qin - united China under strong, central government, standardized weights, measures, and coinage, system of writing p9-10
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What were some changes and accomplishments that occurred in China under Han rule?
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Han - wiser and less harsh rule, increased trade and expanded frontiers, created new toools and luxury goods including paper p10
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Who was Confucious?
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Confucious or K'ung Ch'iu teacher and philosopher, of Confuciousism. Confucian philosophy has 3 basic concepts: importance of family, respect for elders, and respect for the past p10
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What is Daoism?
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Chinese philosophy that stressed contemplation of harmony in nature and human behavior governed by "The Way" p10
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What is Legalism?
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School of Chinese philosophy concerned with politics p10
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What are some of the basic beliefs of Hinduism?
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Hinduism includes belief in reincarnation, dharma, and karma. It also includes the belief in many gods. Its sacred text is the "Bhagavad Gita"
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What are some of the basic beliefs of Hinduism?
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Hinduism includes belief in reincarnation, dharma, and karma. It also includes the belief in many gods. Its sacred text is the "Bhagavad Gita"
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What are some of the basic beliefs of Buddhism?
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Buddhism includes belief in the Four Noble Truths & Eightfold Path to reach enlightenment; the Buddha rejected Hindu gods, but he accepted the Hindu belief that the progress of the soul depends on how a person leads his or her life, as well as, reincarnation, dharma and karma.
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What are some of the basic beliefs of Buddhism?
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Buddhism includes belief in the Four Noble Truths & Eightfold Path to reach enlightenment; the Buddha rejected Hindu gods, but he accepted the Hindu belief that the progress of the soul depends on how a person leads his or her life, as well as, reincarnation, dharma and karma.
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What are two major religions developed in ancient India?
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Hinduism and Buddhism.
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What is direct democracy?
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Form of democracy in which all citizens participate directly in making decisions. p11
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What is a republic?
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Form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state. p13
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What is a pope?
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Title assumed by the patriarch of Rome and head of the Catholic Church; the word comes from the Latin word meaning "father." p15
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Who was Homer and why was he important?
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Early Greek author of two great epic poems, the "Illiad" and the "Odyssey." p11
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Who was Socrates and why was he important?
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He was a Greek philosopher, living in the golden age of Greece; he established a way of learning through questioning that we now call the Socratic method. p13
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Who was Alexander the Great and why was he important?
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He was great military leader who conquered many areas to expand the Greek empire. Under his leadership many different peoples worked together and blended different cultures under an efficent government. p13
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Who was Julius Caesar and why was he important?
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In 44 BC, he became dictator for life of a troubled Roman Republic. He was stabbed to death by his enemies.p13-14
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Who was Augustus (Octavian) and why was he important?
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ruler of the Roman republic. In 31 BC western ruler of the Roman world, Octavian defeated the eastern ruler, Marc Anthony. In 27 BC he became know as Augustus, or "the revered one." Historian mark Augustus's rule as the end of the republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. p14
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What were some basic changes that occurred in early Rome's government as it went from a republic to an empire?
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Roman Republic weakened, Julius Caesar took power as dictator, Caesar was assassinated, Augustus Caesar (formerly Octavian) defeated western leader Marc Anthony to become emperor of the Roman Empire 27 BC
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What were some basic changes that occurred in early Rome's government as it went from a republic to an empire?
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Roman Republic weakened, Julius Caesar took power as dictator, Caesar was assassinated, Augustus Caesar (formerly Octavian) defeated western leader Marc Anthony to become emperor of the Roman Empire 27 BC
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How did the government of Greece change over time?
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Struggles for control of the city-states began; tyrants became harsh & unjust, and the city-states removed them from power; city-states adopted the idea that people should rule themselves; Cleisthenes created a direct democracy
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How did the government of Greece change over time?
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Struggles for control of the city-states began; tyrants became harsh & unjust, and the city-states removed them from power; city-states adopted the idea that people should rule themselves; Cleisthenes created a direct democracy
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In what ways did the rise and fall of Julius Caesar represent a turning point in the history of Rome?
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Caesar's rise showed the weakening of the republic and loss of the Senate's power; his fall led to the establishment of the empire by Augustus (Octavian)
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In what ways did the rise and fall of Julius Caesar represent a turning point in the history of Rome?
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Caesar's rise showed the weakening of the republic and loss of the Senate's power; his fall led to the establishment of the empire by Augustus (Octavian)
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What were Jesus's teachings and how did they affect the Roman Empire?
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Jesus taught that people must love God above all else and love others as themselves. Within 400 years, Christianity had spread through all parts of the empire and had become the official religion.
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What were Jesus's teachings and how did they affect the Roman Empire?
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Jesus taught that people must love God above all else and love others as themselves. Within 400 years, Christianity had spread through all parts of the empire and had become the official religion.
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Who was Jesus?
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He was a Jewish teacher from Nazareth that said people must love God above all & love others as themselves. The Romans crucified him. His followers believe he arose from dead & ascended into heaven. They founded Christianity. Within 400 years, Christianity spread throughout the empire & became the official religion.
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Who was Jesus?
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He was a Jewish teacher from Nazareth that said people must love God above all & love others as themselves. The Romans crucified him. His followers believe he arose from dead & ascended into heaven. They founded Christianity. Within 400 years, Christianity spread throughout the empire & became the official religion.
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What were some general achievement of the early Greek civilization?
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development of direct democracy, and major accomplishments in architecture, sculpture, science, medicine, literature and philosophy
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What is adobe?
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Sun-dried brick used for building purposes by the Pueblo Indians p19
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Who was King Ezana?
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King of Aksum p17
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Who were the Swahili?
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African society that emerged in the late 1100s along the East African coast and combined elements of African, Asian and Islamic culture p18
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Who was Mansa Musa?
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a powerful ruler of Mali, a West African empire between Lake Chad and the Atlantic Ocean. Mali reached its peak in the 1300s under Mansa Musa. p19
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Who were the Hopewell?
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Group of people who settled in the Ohio valley region sometime from about 300 BC to 200 BC p19
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Who were the Maya?
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One of the most advanced early people in the Americas, occupying most of the Yucatan Peninsula p19
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Who were the Aztecs?
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Wandering warriors who gradually came to rule Central Mexico p19
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Who were the Incas?
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Civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s included much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile p21
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What were some achievements of early cultures in the Americas in the areas of engineering and construction?
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In the southwest, early cultures constructed adobe homes and cliff dwellings. The Hopewell created mounds and buildings. The Maya built pyramid shaped temples. The Inca built fortresses, irrigation systems and roads.
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What were some achievements of early cultures in the Americas in the area of economy?
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In the southwest, early cultures were farmers. In the northwest, early cultures had economies based on fishing. Early Indians on the plains were hunters. The Maya were also farmers.
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What were some achievements of early cultures in the Americas in the areas of science and mathematics?
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The Maya developed a writing system. The Aztecs developed a calendar and used advanced mathematics. The Inca kept records with quipu and used advanced medical skills.
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What was daily life like in sub-Saharan Africa?
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The early people of sub-Saharan Africa lived in small independent villages and were farmers, herders, or fishers.
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How did geography influence the development of of cultures in Africa and the Americas?
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Africa and the Americas have diverse types of land and climate. Diverse cultures therefore developed on these continents, from the desert Southwest Indians and their adobe huts to the East African city-states that traded along the Indian Ocean coast.
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What are the characteristics of a civilization?
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food surplus, towns and cities with government and division of labor
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What are the characteristics of a civilization?
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food surplus, towns and cities with government and division of labor
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Where did the first civilizations occur?
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in fertile river valleys: Nile Valley in Africa, Tigris-Euphrates Valley in Southwest Asia, Indus Valley in South Asia, and the Huang He in East Asia
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Where did the first civilizations occur?
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in fertile river valleys: Nile Valley in Africa, Tigris-Euphrates Valley in Southwest Asia, Indus Valley in South Asia, and the Huang He in East Asia
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What major religions developed in Ancient India, and what are their beliefs?
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Hinduism: belief in many gods, reincarnation, moral life
Buddhism: belief in reincarnation, Four Noble Truths, and Eightfold Path |
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What major religions developed in Ancient India, and what are their beliefs?
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Hinduism: belief in many gods, reincarnation, moral life
Buddhism: belief in reincarnation, Four Noble Truths, and Eightfold Path |
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What are some accomplishments of the Qin and Han dynasties of early China?
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Qin: strong, central government; standardized weights, measurement, and coinage
Han: wiser and less harsh rule, increased trade, new tools and luxury goods, paper |
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What are some accomplishments of the Qin dynasties of early China?
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Qin: strong, central government; standardized weights, measurement, and coinage
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What are some accomplishments of the Qin and Han dynasties of early China?
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Han: wiser and less harsh rule, increased trade, new tools and luxury goods, paper
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How did Greek civilization spread to other regions?
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mainly by trade throughout the empire created by Alexander the Great
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How did the Roman Republic become the Roman Empire?
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the Roman republic weakened; leaders struggled for power; Julius Caesar became dictator but was assassinated: Augustus Caesar (Octavian) defeated Marc Anthony and became emperor, uniting west and east
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How did kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa develop?
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Trade and Islam brought villages together into kingdoms.
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How did kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa develop?
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Trade and Islam brought villages together into kingdoms.
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How did Greek civilization spread to other regions?
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mainly by trade throughout the empire created by Alexander the Great
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How did the Roman Republic become the Roman Empire?
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the Roman republic weakened; leaders struggled for power; Julius Caesar became dictator but was assassinated: Augustus Caesar (Octavian) defeated Marc Anthony and became emperor, uniting west and east
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What were some of the achievements of early American cultures?
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In the Southwest: adobe houses, cliff dwellings; Northwest coast: totem poles; Hopewell: mounds; Maya: pyramids, writing system; Aztecs: calendar, mathematics; Inca irrigation systems, roads, medical skills
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