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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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William the Conqueror |
triumphed over Harold at the Battle of Hastings |
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common law |
a legal system based on custom and court rulings |
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jury |
group of men sworn to speak the truth
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King John |
a clever, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler; forced to sign the Magna Carta
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Magna Carta |
great charter
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due process of law |
protected freemen from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions except "by legal judgement of his peers or by the law of the land" |
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habeas corpus |
the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
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Parliament |
Great Council that later evolved into England's legislature |
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Louis IX |
a deeply religious man who persecuted heretics
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heretics |
those who held beliefs contrary to Church teachings |
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Holy Roman Empire |
ruled vast lands from Germany to Italy; held much power in the high and late Middle Ages
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Henry IV |
was crowned king of Germany in 1054; later became Holy Roman emperor
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Pope Gregory VII |
conflicted with Henry IV; began a period in which monarchs and the Church erupted in conflict |
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lay investure |
the practice in which the emperor or another lay person "invested," or presented, bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office
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lay person |
a person who is not a member of the clergy
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Frederick Barbarossa |
"Red Beard"; Holy Roman emperor who dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic; A.K.A. Frederick I
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Pope Innocent III |
claimed supremacy over all other rulers; stated that he stood "between God and man, lower than God but higher than men, who judges all and is judged by no one."; clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day, and usually won
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Crusades |
wars in which Christians battled Muslims for control of lands in the Middle East; began in 1096 |
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Holy Land |
Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus lived and preached
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Pope Urban II |
called the Council of Clermont in 1095; incited bishops and nobles to action; called for a crusade to free the Holy Land |
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Reconquista |
reconquest; the Christians' campaign to drive Muslims form the peninsula |
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Moors |
North African Muslims |
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Ferdinand and Isabella |
used their combined forces and made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada; Granada fell in 1492, which completed the reconquista
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Inquisition |
a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
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scholasticism |
Christian method that used reason to support Christian beliefs in order to resolve the conflict between faith and reason |
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Thomas Aquinas |
famous scholastic who wrote the "Summa theologica"; concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony; both lead to the same truth, that God rules over an orderly universe; thus brought together Christian faith and classical Greek philosophy
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vernacular |
the everyday language of ordinary people, such as French, German, and Italian
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Dante Alighieri |
Italian poet who wrote the "Divine Comedy" in the early 1300s
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Geoffrey Chaucer |
English writer who wrote the "Canterbury Tales"
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Gothic style |
a style of architecture in which God "would shine with wonderful and uninterrupted light"; churches soared to incredible heights
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flying buttresses |
stone supports that stood outside the church; allowed builders to construct higher, thinner walls and leave space for large stained-glass windows
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illumination |
the Gothic style that was applied to the artistic decoration of books in the 1300s and 1400s |
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Black Death |
a raging disease that wiped out nearly a third of Europe
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epidemic |
an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease |
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inflation |
rising prices
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schism |
split
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longbow |
a new technological weapon wielded by English archers; gave the English an advantage that allowed them to almost defeat the French |
