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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The development of what led to the need for banks?
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Commerce
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How did the Medici family gain their wealth?
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By building banks in Italy. London, and Flanders. Controlled city politics, were patrons of the arts
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What did the artists of the Italian Renaissance give art?
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realism
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Humanisn
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Human beings rather than God were the central focus of all study amd artistic expressions. Also focused on the achievement of individuals.
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Petrarch
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First humanist, he collected works of Greek and Roman writers, wrote in vernacullar instead of Latin.
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Machiavelli
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first of realists, told readers how to succeed in politics in real world, some call him first modern political thinker
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Shakespeare
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(1564-1616) gave voice to Rennaissance belief in the human capacity for achievement on a grand scale
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Marco Polo
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ventured to Asia in 1200's to gain riches
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Why did Portugal refuse to fund Columbus' voyage?
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They thought Columbus had seriously miscalculated the distance between Europe and Asia
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Martin Luther
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monk and professor of theology in Wittenberg, Germany.
-pardon from punishments, sinners are to suffer after death -1517, posted Ninety-Five Theses |
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Nation-State
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A government that takes in one nation and one nation only.
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What did the development of nation-states create between Europe nations?
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new loyalties, new wealth, and a new spirit of optimism and self-confidence.
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First nation to industrialize?
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Belgium
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Effects of Industrial Revolution
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technology explosion that allowed for many new useful inventions..trains, factories, new wealth.
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Laissez-Faire Capitalism
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Unrestriced competition, free trade, and a factory system ruled by the law of supply and demand rather than by govenment regulation.
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Democratic Liberalism
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-working class interests could no longer be ignored
-workers became better-educated and more assertive, revolutions swept through Europe -governments set minimum waes, limited working hours and child labor, and monitered factory conditions -unemployment compensations, health insurance and retirement benefits were created. |
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Socialism
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welfare of the community, rejected the idea of a free market in favor of a planned economy.
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Marxism and the Communist Manifesto
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-economic forces alone shaped human history, class struggle
-"The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!" |
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Jingoism
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hatred and suspicion of another nation overshadows the love of one's own country.
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Militarism
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-fighting was better than peace
-Europe was a field of armed camps, all ready for battle |
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How did self-determination in the Balkans make it known as the "Tinder Box of Europe"?
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There were many different ethnicities, and only a spark was needed to ignite the fires of war between them.
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Total War
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an all-out commitment of human and material resources is demanded
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What did Germany do after Russia pulled out of the war?
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Germany moved its forces to France, focused its efforts to break the British blocked (which is what brought U.S. into the war)
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How was the Middle East affected by the Treaty of Versailles?
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Their lands were divided into French and British mandates, which caused many problems and outraged the Middle Easter peoples
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Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
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-Germany would lose 1/10 of its territory in Europe and its colonies
-a 15 year Allied occupation of the Rhineland and removal of military forces there -The German military would be reduced to 100,000 men, with a prohibition on artillery, tanks, airplanes, subs. -Germany had to provide payment for damages from the war. |
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Why were there strikes in Petrograd in 1917?
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Working women started the stirkes when the cost of break skyrocketed during the war.
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What was the Dumas? How did they get the czar to step down?
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-legislative body of Russia
-established a Provisional Government, and demanded the czar step down. |
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Who was the leader of the provisional government?
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Alexander Kerensky, he decided to carry on the war to preserve the honor of Russia, and this upset the Russians
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What were the Soviets?
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Another authority affectinf the Provisional government, composed of deputies from workers and soldiers.
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Bolsheviks
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small faction of Russian Social Democrats (Marxist Party), led by Vladimir Ulianov (V.I. Lenin)
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What did the Bolsheviks rename themselves after they had taken control of the government?
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The Communists
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Who was the war commissar of the Red Army?
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Leon Trotsky
Reds-Communists Whites-anti-communist forces |
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Totalitarian Sate
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a government aimed to control not only the political side of life, but also the economic, social, intellectual and cultural lives of its citizens.
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Characteristics of totalitarian states
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-want to conquer minds and hearts of subjects
-led by single political party and single leader -rejected limited government power -modern technology |
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What party did Mussolini form?
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OVRA, his secret police
-In Italy |
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What did Mussolini become in 1922?
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Prime minister; he became this through threating to march on Rome
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What did Lenin create in 1922?
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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)
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Who was the power struggle between after Lenin's death?
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Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
(The Soviet Union) |
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What happened to Trotsky?
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expelled from the Communist party in 1927 and went to Mexico, where he was murdered by a Soviet agent sent by Stalin
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What did Hitler do during WWI?
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he was a dispatch runner on the western front
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What party did Hitler form in 1921?
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National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis), NSDAP
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Who were the Storm Troops?
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Hitler's personal force of thugs, which he used for breakin up other parties' meetings
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What did he try to do in 1923 that landed him in prison?
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The Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler and the S.A. (Storm Troops) tried to take the government of Munich by force
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Mein Kampf
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My Struggle
(Hitler's personal story) |
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Why did Hitler hate the Jews?
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he believed a Jewish conspiracy cause the problems of the world (not about religion)
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What did Hitler's theory related to Social Darwianism stress?
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the right of superior nations to living space through force
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Master Race
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those human beings worthy of living
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Subhuman
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those humans not worth living
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What did Hitler promise the German people?
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a purified Reich of Aryans, free of Jews as well as the racially and mentally inferior
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How did anti-Semitism change with the war in Easter Europe?
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changed from a policy of persecution and expropriation into a program of systematic extermination.
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How were Gypsies viewed in Europe prior to Nazi harassment?
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a nuisance
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What happened to Gypsies as the war began in Poland?
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high ranking Nazis planned on the removal of 30,000 Gypsies to Poland.
-200,000 were killed |
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What were disable people labeled?
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a biological threat to the racial purity
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What would happen to children labeled as deformed or defective?
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They were taken from their parents and starved to death or euthanized. Adults were shot or starved.
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Did the Nazis have a blueprint for the destruction of the Jews when they came into power in 1933?
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No. it gradually evolved
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What was the first phrase of the Holocaust?
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1933-1939
Legal Discrimination-Nuremberg Laws force Jews to emigrate, wear yellow star of David |
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What were the laws called that stripped the Jews od their civil rights?
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Nuremberg Laws
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What was the second phase?
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1939-1942
War starts in September 1939 and borders close. Property is stolen from Jewsand they are forced into Ghettos |
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Third phase?
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1942-1945
Eradication of the Jews |
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Wannsee Conference
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representatives from various governments met to agree on how to administer the "final solution"
January 20, 1942 |
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What was Zyklon B gas?
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the cheapest and most effective gas used in the gas chambers
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Auschwitz
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In Poland, and was the biggest extermination camp
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What were the two essential characteristics of the Holocaust which made effective resistance by the Jews impossible?
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-The German state were involved in the policies, laws and decrees. There was no way to appeal or hide
-The step-by-step nature made it impossible for people to understand until it was too late. |
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Did the Nazi government publicly announce the destruction of the Jews?
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No. They convinced their citizens that the policies of the Nazi state could not be judged by moral standards.
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How did collaborationist governments assist with the destruction of the Jews?
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-Vichy government of France introduced and implemented anti-Jewish measures. They voluntarily identified and deported 75,000 men, women, and children.
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Who were the second highest number of those who died in the Holocaust?
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75,000
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How did Hitler violate the Treaty of Versailles in 1935?
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"master race" theory, desire for "living space"
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What country did Italy take in 1935?
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Ethiopia
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What was the non-aggression pact?
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signed between Germany and Stalin/Soviet Union. Allowed Germany to fight one front war at a time.
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When did Hitler attack Poland?
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September 1, 1939
THIS STARTED WWI! |
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Blitzkrieg
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lightening war
-an invasion of takns with massive air support |
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Axis Powers
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German and Italy
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Allied Powers
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France and England
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What did the U.S. threaten in 1940 if Japan countinued its aggressive behavior?
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economic sanctions
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When did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor?
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December 7, 1941
As a result, the U.S. declares war on Japan |
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After WWII, who were the Axis and Allied powers?
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Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan
Allied: France, England, U.S. |
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By June 1940, what was the only Western European country Hitler did not control?
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England
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What was it called when Germany and Britain were fighting each other?
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The Battle of Britain
July 1940-October 1940 |
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What were the first two major mistakes made by Germany that would lead to their downfall?
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-failure to defeat the British
-invasion of the Soviet Union |
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Why did Hitler attack North Africa?
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to cut off the British oil supply
German general in charge: Erwin Rommel |
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What was the name of the operation in which the Allies defeated the Germans in 1943?
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Battle in the Pacific
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When was D-Day?
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the largest amphibious invasion in military history, allied forces strom the beaches of Normandy to take back Western Europe from Hitler. Officially called Operation Overlord
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When was the Battle of the Bulge?
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Decembr 1944-January 1945
named due to the Nazis' attempt to create a "bulge" in Allied front line. -victory for Allied forces |
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When did the war in the Europen theater (V-E Day) end?
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May 7, 1945
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What was the Yalta Conference?
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Attended by Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin to determine what to do with Europe after the war
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What four things happened at the Yalta Conference?
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1.United Nations established
2.Germany to be split into 4 zones; Soviet Union, U.S., France and Great Britain would each receive a zone. 3. Germany pays $20 billion in reparations 4. Poland would eventually get free elections |
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What two wars occured during the Cold War?
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The Korean War and the Vietnam War
-The U.S. and the Soviet Union never directly fought each other |
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When did communism fall in the Soviet Union?
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1989, along with the fall of the Berlin Wall.
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