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129 Cards in this Set
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Neolithic Revolution(Agricultural Revolution)
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Humans learned to grow certain staple crops and a continual and controlled basis, leading to systematic agriculture. Humans no longer had to roam from place to place in search of food.
It created a surplus of food, resulting in the specialization of labor. Occurred about 8,000 B.C.E. |
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Jericho, Catal Huyuk
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located in Palestine and Turkey respectively, these are examples of civilizations that developed as a result of the Neolithic revolution and the surplus of food.
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Old Kingdom (Egypt)
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Period spanning from 2700 B.C.E – 2200 B.C.E when Egypt developed a strong national government headed by theocrat kings that ruled centrally from the capital of Memphis. This is the period when the Pyramids of Giza were built.
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Middle Kingdom(Egypt)
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Period spanning from 2200 B.C.E – 1786 B.C.E. The capital is moved to Thebes after a series of civil wars and Egypt is conquered by the Hykos.
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New Kingdom (Egypt)
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Period spanning 1600 B.C.E- 945 B.C.E. The Kykos are driven out and Egypt was controlled by the Pharaohs. This was when Egypt reached its peak. After a series of wars, the Egyptian empire was weak and was eventually conquered by the Libyans and Kushites.
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Egyptian accomplishments/contributions
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365-day calendar, detailed anatomy of the human body
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Hieroglyphs
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symbols that stand for letters, words, objects, ideas, or sounds in ancient Egypt.
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Ziggurat
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massive stone structure in Sumerian city-states which was dedicated to the God each city-state worshipped. The Sumerians were polytheistic.
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Cuneiform
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developed by the Sumerians, it was created by using a reed to make wedge-shaped marks on wet clay tablets. A class of scribes emerged as a result of this development who wrote down laws, treaties, customs, etc.
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Sumerian accomplishments/contributions
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wagon wheel. Arch, potter’s wheel, sundial, metal plow, 12month calendar, number system based on 60, agricultural and river management.
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Babylonians
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Amorites who conquered Mesopotamia in 2000 B.C.E.
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Code of Hammurabi
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created by Babylonian King Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.E). It created a unified code for all of Mesopotamia and was based on the principle “eye for an eye, and tooth for a tooth.” Distinguished between major and minor offenses.
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King Darius I
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( 522-486 B.C.E) Ruler of Persia who divided the empire into provinces called “Satraps,” making the empire much more manageable. He also built Persepolis, built the Royal Road, and created a common currency.
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Zoroastrianism
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based on the teachings of Zoroaster in the Avestas, it was the belief that there was only one god to be worshipped; Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord). It had a decisive influence on monotheistic religions and was widespread in the Persian empire
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Alphabetic Script
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developed by Phoenicians in about 1000 B.C.E, it was a script of 22 letters that was later modified and is now used by most of the world’s languages.
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Lydians
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civilization from Asia Minor which dismantled the Barter System and began using currency/coins. Led to a monetary system of consistent prices where people could save money for future use.
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Ten Commandments
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moral code of conduct introduced by Moses, leader of the Israelites.
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Ideographic Written Script
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developed by the Shang(1700-1028 B.C.E), it became the Chinese script
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Mandate of Heaven
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introduced during the Zhou dynasty, it stated that if rulers were just, they had the authority to rule from Heaven. Zhou kings were thus called “sons of Heaven.”
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Qin Dynasty
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conqueror of the Zhou dynasty, Qin was a tyrannical leader who began work on the Great Wall of China. He took the Title Shihuangdi (First Emperor) Ruled from 221-209 B.C.E. He recentralized feudal kingdoms, stadardized currencies and laws, and refused to tolerate dissent.
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Wudi, Wu Ti
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Great Han dynasty emperor who conquered territory, expanded trade routes to the west with the Silk Road, instituted civil service examination, etc. His reign was characterized by peace and prosperity and was thus called Pax Sinica (Chinese peace)
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Confucianism
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ideas of Confucius as described in the Analects during the fall of the Zhou Dynasty. Not a religion; just a philosophy for political and social order. Confucius placed emphasis on order and hierarchy. He believed that the well-being of the group should be put before the well-being of the individual. Everyone had to perform their proper duty.
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Daoism
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The philosophy that happiness is attained by seeking the “Dao”(path) in all things. The path is found by seeking harmony with nature and balancing the yin(cool, dark, feminine, submissive) and the yang(warm, light, masculine, aggressive).
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Legalism
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Philosophy during the Qin dynasty. According to legalist thought, human nature was essentially evil, necessitating a strong ruler, and believed that education was unnecessary, that all people should produce for the state. Led to the successful swift unification of China.
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Patriarchal Family Structure, Filial Piety
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duty of faily members to completely subject themselves to the will of the male head of the family. The extended family was very important; they all lived in the same household. eldest male leads. Known as "Xiao" in Confucianism.
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Chinese accomplishments/contributions
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gunpowder, wheelbarrow, suspension bridges, compass, paper.
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Silk Road
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Facilitated trade between China and India, Persia, and Rome. It was the world’s largest road for 2,000 years. It allowed Buddhism and other ideas to spread into China.
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Aryans
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Male dominated, nomadic, tribal society that settled in the Indus River Valley in about 1500 B.C.E. They imposed their religious belifs, particularly in reincarnation, on the Ancient Indus River Valley Civilization that they conquered.
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Vedas
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holy books filled with epic poems in the language of Sanskrit, which was spoken by the Aryans.
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Caste System
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Strict social structure developed by the Aryans in which individuals were forced to remain in the same social group their entire life. Priests(Brahmans), warriors, then landowners and merchants, then peasants.
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Dharma
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Concept that each class was encouraged to perform only its set of duties and nothing more. Hindus have to follow this in order to achieve Moshka, which is why most Hindus quietly accept their situation.
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Upanishads
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Aryan religious thinkers who became discontented with Aryan religion wrote down their ideas in these, which would eventually become the basis for Hinduism.
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Hinduism
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Belief developed by the Upanishads that an eternal spirit exists called the “Brahman Nerguna” which exists in all things. Hindu Gods are manifestations of Brahma(Vishnu the preserver, shiva the destroyer, etc.) A person becomes part of the eternal spirit only if they have a pure soul. Reincarnation continues until finally you merge.
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Karma
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actions of an individual in a previous life which determines into what living thing or caste a person’s soul is reincarnated. As a result, Hindus practiced self-denial, yoga, and non-violence to break the cycle of reincarnation.
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Yoga
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a system of physical and mental exercises that separate the mind and body to help bring it to union with the universal spirit
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Buddha’s Four Noble Truths
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All people suffer and know sorrow, people suffer because of their desires, people can end their suffering by eliminating their desires, people should follow the Eightfold Path
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Eightfold Path
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Eightfold Path
knowing truth resisting evil saying nothing to hurt others respecting life working for the good of others freeing the mind from evil controlling thought practicing meditation |
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Nirvana
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in Buddhism, a state of freedom from the cycle of rebirth or the state of extinction
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Theravada Buddhists
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Believed that Buddha was a great teacher to be read and understood. emphasizes mediatation, simplicity. Buddha is not a god and other gods/goddesses have little significance.
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Mahayana Buddhists
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believe that Buddha is a savior of the people and a God
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Foraging Societies
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composed of small groups of people who traveled from point to point as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated.
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Pastoral Societies
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domesticated animals. Found in mountainous and areas with insufficient rainfall. Social standing was based on the size of the herd.
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Bronze Age
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Latter part of the Neolithic Era when copper was combined with tin to make bronze, advancing the development of tools and weapons.
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Mesopotamia
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"land between two rivers"/ Fertile Crescent. land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers where Sumer, Babylon, and Persia thrived
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Ur,Erech, Kish
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First major city-states of the civilization of Sumer in 3000 B.C.E.
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Akkad
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city north of Sumer which came to dominate Mesopotamia as Sumer weakened in around 1700 B.C.E. Wrote first code of laws.
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Hittites
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Dominated Mesopotamia by 1500 B.C.E. Use iron, which is stronger than bronze, in their weapons, making them a military superpower.
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Assyrians
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Used iron developed by Hittites to conquer the entire Fertile crescent. Capital at Nineveh. Empire experienced frequent uprisings because of the cruelty of soldiers.
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Nebuchadnezzar
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Chaldean king(conquerors of Assyria along with Medes)who rebuilt/Restored Babylon.
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Persian Empire
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conquered the Chaldeans and established a major empire stretching from the Nile to Turkey, Greece, and Afghanistan.
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Great Royal Road
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constructed by the Persians to improve transportation and communication across the empire. stretched 1600 miles.
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Phoenicians
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established powerful naval city-states along the Mediterannean and developed an alphabet of 22 letters.
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Hebrews
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The Hebrews were the first Jews, believing in one god.They established Israel in Palestine and were frequently harrassed by other civilizations(Nebuchadnezzar)
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King Menes
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United the Nile River Valley prior to the Old Kingdom and built the capital at Memphis.
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Pharaohs
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Rulers of Ancient Egpyt who directed the construction of enormous Obelisks and Pyramids to honor themselves in the Afterlife.
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Ancient Egyptian Empire
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Lasted from about 2700 B.C.E-945 B.C.E. Egypt relied on trade because of their many ambitious building projects, leading to cultural diffusion. Egpytians were polytheistic/ their religious beliefs focused heavily on the afterlife(mummification).
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Queen Hatshepsut
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first female ruler known in history. She ruled Ancient Egypt for 22 years during the New Kingdom. Women had much higher status in Ancient Egpyt compared to other Mesopotamian socities. They could buy/sell property, inherit property, etc.
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Egyptian Social Structure
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Pharaohs, then priests, then nobles, then merchants and skilled artisans, then peasants(the largest group) and slaves. The pharaoh owned all land, and the peasants generated most of the wealth.
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Indus Valley Civilization
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built along the indus river. contact was more limited with the outside world because of the surrounding mountains. Although, the Khyber pass through the Hindu Kush mountains made some contact possible
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Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
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major cities of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization. were each home to about 100,000! Each city was master-planned, uniformly constructed, and had sophisticated wastewater systems.
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Indus Valley Civilization accomplishments/contributions
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potter's wheels, cotton, cloth
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Shang China
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rose in the Yellow River Valley. Controlled large parts of northern China and militarily was powerful. Ruled from 1600 B.C.E-1100 B.C.E. They were very ethnocentric because of their isolation from the world.
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Shang China accomplishments/contributions
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horse-drawn chariots, spoked wheel, experts in pottery and silk, decimal system, accurate calculator
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Zhou (Chou) Dynasty
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Came to power when Wu Wang ousted in the Shang in 1100 B.C.E. Ruled until 200 B.C.E. Developed a feudal system where nobles were given power over smaller regions in exchange for protection.
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Bureaucracy (Ancient China)
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In the most complex kingdoms that broke from the Zhou Dynasty bureacracy was developed so that government agencies had specific specialized tasks. These small kingdoms led by nobles eventually led to the downfall of the Zhou Dynasty in 256 B.C.E.
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Olmec
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Ruled Mexico from 1400-1200 B.C.E. Urban society supported by corn, beans, and squash. DID NOT developed next to a River Valley.
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Chavin
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Urban cilization that ruled in the Andes from 900-300 B.C.E. Mostly agricultural but supplemented diet with seafood. Used llamas as their beasts of burden. DID NOT develop in a River Valley.
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Bantu Migrations
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migration of farmers from the Niger/Benue River Valleys in West Africa South and East in about 1500 B.C.E. Lasted 2,000 years. Spurred by climate changes that made river valleys uninhabitable.
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Jenne-Jeno
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The first city of Sub-Saharan Africa which was a fishing settlement from 250B.C.E-400C.E. Odd because architecture indicates that it was not a hierarchial society.
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Mayan Civilization
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Dominated Southern Mexico and parts of Central America from 300 B.C.E.- 800 C.E. Series of City-states ruled by a king. Mayan wars conducted to acquire slaves, not land.
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Tikal
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The most important Mayan political center. May have been populated by 100,000.
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Mayan Religion
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Divided the universe into three: heavens above, humans in the middle, underworld below. Believed Gods created humans out of Maize/water. Made sacrifices and bloodletting rituals to ensure the gods would maintain the agricultural cycle.
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Chichen Itza
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temple which resembles Sumerican Ziggurats/Egpytian Pyramids. A mayan ruin found along with ball courts.
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Mayan Contributions/accomplishments
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pyramids, hieryoglyphs, complex calendar system, ridged field system
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Mauryan Empire
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Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 B.C.E. by the unification of smaller Aryan kingdoms in the Indus River Valley, the Ganges River Valley, and the Deccan Plateau. Became powerful through trade with Mesopotamia and the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Ashoka Maurya
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ruler of Mauryan empire at its height. He became disgusted with the military power of the Mauryan empire and as a result converted to Buddhism.
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Rock and Pillar Edicts
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issued by Ashoka on rocks and pillars, they reminded Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives.
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Gupta Empire
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Revival of Mauryan empire under Chandra Gupta between 375 C.E. and 415 C.E. Was smaller and more decentralized than Mauryan empire. Experienced golden age of peace and prosperity. Hinduism became dominant again under the Gupta, resulting in a decline in rights for women. Collapsed following invasion of the white huns.
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Gupta Accomplishments/Contributions
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pi and zero, decimal system(arabic numerals), adept iron weapons
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Great Wall of China
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construction began under the Qin dynasty. Demonstrates the organization and centralization of China under Qin Shihuangdi.
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Han Dynasty
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ruled China from 200 B.C.E-200 C.E. Led by Wu Ti and the Huns. Greatly enlarged the empire, trade thrived, and buddhism spread.
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Civil Service System (Han Dynasty)
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Han believed that those in government should be highly educated excellent communicators. Civil service examinations were placed to ensure high quality. Resulted in stable effective government.
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Polis
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The name for the city-states of Ancient Greece. Each shared a common culture/identity. They were independent and often in conflict with one another.
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Athens
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the political, commercial, and cultural center of Greek civilization.
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Sparta
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a very agricultural and highly militaristic region of Ancient Greece. Almost all Spartan citizens received military training.
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Citizens (Ancient Greece)
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adult males often engaged in commerce or business. They made civic decisions openly and engaged in debates. Slavery gave greek citizens the time to meet and vote and philosophize.
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Draco and Solon
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aristocrats who worked to create democracy in Athens.
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Greek Mythology
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Greek polytheism was distinguished from other belief systems in that Greek Gods possessed human failings.
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Persian Wars
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Greek city-states united against Persia. Greeks won huge victories at Marathon and Salamis, allowing them to maintain control of the Aegean Sea and forcing the war to end in stalemate.
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Golden Age of Pericles
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the period of peace and prosperity in Greece following the Persian Wars.
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Pericles
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Greek ruler who established democracy for all adult males, rebuilt Athens, built the Parthenon, and the Delian League was established.
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Delian League
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alliance established by Athens with other Greek City-States to combat aggression from common enemies.
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Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
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Greek philosophers who believed that truth could be discerned through rational thought and careful observation. These men are revered as the fathers of rational thinking.
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Homer
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wrote the epic poems The iliad and The Odyssey, which are regarded as western civilization's first two masterworks of literature.
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Peloponnesian War
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Broke out in 431 B.C.E. between the Delian League (athens) and the Peloponnesian League over a trade dispute in Corinth. Sparta was victorious after Athens suffered from a plague and the Athenian Navy was crushed at Syracuse.
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Macedonians
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Philip of Macedon(359-336 B.C.E.)invaded Athens and captured the entire region after the Spartans had become weakened from the
Peloponnesian war. |
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Alexander the Great
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Expanded Macedonian empire by conquering Persia and moved into India as well. Divided his lands into three territories; Antigonid( Greece and Macedon), Ptolemaic(Egypt). and Seleucid(Bactria and Anatolia).
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Hellenism
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the culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece which was spread throughout the world by Alexander the Great.
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Alexandria
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located right at the mouth of the Nile, it was the capital of the ptolemaic empire which became a cultural and economic center during the hellenistic period.
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Patricians
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land-owning nobleman in the Roman republic
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Plebeians
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everyone who was not a patrician in the roman Republic was a plebeian(all other free men)
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Roman Government
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Divided into two groups Senate(patricians) and Assembly(patricians and later plebeians). Two consuls were elected by the assembly. Consuls had veto power over the assembly.
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Twelve Tables of Rome
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codified laws designed to protect individual rights (innocent until proven guilty)
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Pater Familias
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idea that all members of the family were subservient to the eldest male member of the family. Women nonetheless had considerable influence. They could own property!
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Carthage
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city-state in Northern Africa which became the primary enemy of Rome.
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Punic wars
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Series of wars between Rome/Carthage. 264-146 B.C.E. Rome won the First Punic war to gain control of Sicily. The second Punic War was also won by Rome after Hannibal's invasion failed. Rome became the dominant power of the western Mediterranean after this.
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Hannibal
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Carthaginian general who led his army through Northern Italy and the Alps to surprise the Romans in 218 B.C.E. Just before Hannibal destroyed Rome, Roman armies landed in Carthage, forcing Hannibal to return home.
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First Triumvirate
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the transfer of power from the senate to Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. this was caused by joblessness among the Plebeians, high rates of inflation, and political infighting in the senate.
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Caeser
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was given power over Gaul(france) and other parts of Europe as a member of the First triumvirate. Caesar became emperor for life after success in the civil war between Caesar's followers and the senate, removing Pompey/Crassus from power. Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C.E.
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Second Triumvirate
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came to power after the death of Caesar. composed of Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. Octavius rose to power among the three and became the emperor.
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Octavius
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ousted the Second Triumvirate and became emperor "Augustus Caesar."He established the rule of law, common coinage, civil service, and secure travel.
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Pax Romana
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period of peace and stability experienced by the Roman empire for 200 years after Octavius acquired power.
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Paganism
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State religion of the Roman republic. Citizens were required to make sacrifices to traditional Roman gods.
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Christianity in Rome
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began to take hold in Rome after the reign of Augustus. initially Christianity was allowed, until the Jews began to resist Roman control. christianity was eventually seen as a threat to Roman power and was suppressed until Constantine.
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Constantine
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after centuries f persecution, particularly by emperor Nero, Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 C.E. which ended the persecution. In 391 C.E. Christianity became the state religion.
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Edict of Milan
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issue in 313 C.E. by Emperor Constantine, it ended persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. Eventually in 391 C.E. christianity became the state religion.
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Wang Mang
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reigned during the Han Dynasty (9-23 C.E.) He attemppted to reform land ownership and currency, taxed heavily to pay for wars, all during famines and floows resulting in economic chaos. The Xin Dynasty seized power after his reign.
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Diocletian
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Roman emperor who came to power in 284 C.E. who attempted to deal with the overstretch/internal decay by dividing it into two regions run by co-emperors. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.
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Visigoths
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Germanic peoples who adopted roman law and Christianity. They sacked Rome in 410 C.E. and in 476 C.E. the Roman emperor was deposed. The main reason for the Visigoth invasion was the pressure by the Huns.
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Polytheism
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the vast majority of ancient civilizations were polyhteistic. Believed in multiple gods who had a daily impact on life on earth. Resulted in socities with rigid social structures, priests at the top.
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Junzi
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in Confucianism, individuals considered superior because they are educated, conscientious, and put aside personal ambition for the good of the state.
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Ren
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In Confucianism, a sense of humanity, kindness, and benevolence
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Li
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In Confucianism, a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, and deference to elders.
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wuwei
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in Daoism, disengagement from worldly affairs and a simple harmony with nature.
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Moshka
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in Hinduism, the highest state of being, perfect internal peace, and release of the soul.
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Buddhism
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founded by a young hindu prince named Siddartha Gautama who rejected his wealth to search for the meaning of Human life and suffering and from this, developed Buddhism.
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Bodhisattvas
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deities in Mahayana Buddhism who have achieved Nirvana but choose to remain on earth.
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Judaism
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holds that God selected a group of people, the Hebrews, and that if they followed his laws and worshipped him and promoted the ethics of the prophets for all time he woould preserve them. First monotheistic religion.
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Christianity
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orginially practiced by a splinter of Jews; came into existence with Jesus of Nazareth, who claimed to be the Song of God and the Messiah. Jesus was crucified and his followers believed he rose from the dead and ascended into Heaven. Forgiveness of sins is achievable only through the belief in the divinity, death, and ressurection of Christ. Jesus is god's link to humanity.
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