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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Swiss city-state of Geneva became a model of Protestant morality under the leadership of
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John Calvin.
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What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?
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Each German prince could decide the religion for his lands
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Anabaptists believed that infants should not be __ because infants are too young to accept the Christian faith.
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baptized
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Humanist scholars differed from medieval thinkers in that humanists tended to focus more on __ subjects.
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worldly
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The purpose of the Council of Trent was to direct the reform of the
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Catholic Church.
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In the 1600s, Robert Boyle’s work transformed the field of
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chemistry.
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The inventor who perfected the microscope and was the first person to see cells and microorganisms was
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek.
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The calculations of astronomer Johannes Kepler showed that the planets move around the sun in
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oval orbits.
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What was the primary event that trigged the formation of the Church of England?
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Henry VIII wanted a divorce
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The main goal of the Jesuits was to __ the Catholic faith.
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defend, restore, and spread
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In Ming China, European traders paid for Chinese silks and porcelains in gold or silver instead of exchanging trade goods because the Chinese did not want inferior European
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trade goods.
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After the Japanese, and later the Manchus, invaded Korea, the Koreans responded by __ from their nation.
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excluding foreigners
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When the first European traders arrived in the 1500s, the Japanese responded by __ trade with the West.
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welcoming
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The voyage to Calicut by Vasco da Gama soon led to the creation of a vast trading empire for
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Portugal.
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How did Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias seek a sea route to Asia in 1460?
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He rounded the tip of Africa
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In 1513, Spanish adventurer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean by traveling
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traveling overland through Panama.
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To rule China effectively after seizing Beijing in 1644, the Manchus __ the Confucian system of government.
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accepted
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Why did Japanese shoguns turn against foreign traders in the mid-1500s? Because they saw foreigners as a threat after __ seized the __
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Spain Philippines.
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The Ming rulers allowed limited trade with Europeans under the condition that the Europeans would __ at the end of the trading season.
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leave
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To conquer the Aztec empire, Hernán Cortés __ with conquered people who hated the Aztecs.
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formed alliances
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The conquistador who added the lands of the present-day countries of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile to the Spanish empire was .
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Francisco Pizarro
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At the top of Spanish colonial society were the
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peninsulares.
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Through the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, __ claimed its empire of Brazil.
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Portugal
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The English colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were mainly set up as havens for __ groups.
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persecuted religious
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The first leg of the triangular trade route brought __ goods to __
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Europeans Africa.
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Widespread inflation struck Europe in the mid-1500s due to the increasing amounts of __ from the Americas.
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silver and gold
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What mercantilist policy was designed to protect local industries from foreign competition?
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Tariffs increased the price of imported goods.
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The Spanish king maintained strict control over his empire through his __ in Spain that monitored colonial officials.
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Council of Indies
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In Spanish colonial society, creoles were native-born descendants of Spanish settlers.
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native-born descendants
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To ensure that its colonies would be profitable, Spain established __ for its colonies.
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strict trade laws
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As a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Britain gained __ and all lands east of the Mississippi River.
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Canada
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Spain tried to change its American colonies with the New Laws of the Indies in 1542 which forbade the __ of Native Americans.
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abuse and enslavement
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The Mayflower Compact set out guidelines for governing the
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Plymouth colony.
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In their effort to gain control of the Incas, the Spanish __ the Inca ruler Atahualpa.
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captured (took him for ransom) and killed him after the ransom was paid
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Joint stock companies allowed early European capitalists to pool large amounts of
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capital.
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What was a major threat to the empire of Charles V?
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he was a Catholic, fought to suppress Protestantism
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An important goal of Philip II of Spain was to defend the
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Catholic Reformation.
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In 1598, the Edict of Nantes helped to ensure that French Protestants would not be
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persecuted (Edict of Nantes said that Huguenots had religious toleration and other freedoms).
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When the Huguenots left France in the 1680s, their departure seriously hurt the French
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economy.
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The Long Parliament met when Charles I requested funds to suppress a __ rebellion.
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Scottish
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What type of government was created in England by the Glorious Revolution?
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Constitutional Limited Monarchy
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As a result of the treaty known as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained territory on its __ frontiers.
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Spanish and German
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Peter the Great waged war against the Ottoman empire to gain a __ on the Black Sea.
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warm water port
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Under the rule of Catherine the Great, Russia seized lands in
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eastern Poland.
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A major cause of conflict within the empire of King Charles was the suppression of __ in the German states.
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Protestants
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Under the rule of Philip II, the defeat of __ helped to increase Spanish power.
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Ottomans at the coast of Greece (Battle of Lepanto
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After the death of his chief minister in 1661, Louis XIV governed France by taking __ control of the government.
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absolute
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Louis XIV appointed royal officials from the middle class to his bureaucracy because they helped to check the power of the
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nobles and the Church.
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Finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert helped to make France the wealthiest state in Europe by imposing __ policies to bolster the economy.
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mercantilist
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The Tories were an English political party that __ broad royal powers
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supported
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One result of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 was that the monarch could not interfere in
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parliamentary debates.
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Frederick William I helped to unify Prussia after the death of his father in 1713 by giving the Junkers positions in the
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army and government.
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By 1750, Prussia and Austria were battling for control of the
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German states.
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What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?
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Natural law
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Enlightenment writers often faced __ because they challenged the old order.
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censorship
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An enlightened despot was a ruler who influenced __ change.
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political and social
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Because the American colonies were home to diverse religious and ethnic groups, social distinctions were more __ than in Europe.
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blurred
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The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the American Revolution because the American victory convinced __ to support the Revolution.
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France
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Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the
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Scientific Revolution.
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Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it spread
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Enlightenment ideas.
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Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be regulated by the forces of
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supply and demand.
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During the Enlightenment, government and church officials justified their use of censorship to stop enlightenment writers by saying God set up the
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old order.
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One advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution was the diverse
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geography.
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The Constitution created a federal republic, which divided power between __ governments.
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national and state
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Louis XVI was forced to dismiss his financial advisor, Jacques Necker, when Necker proposed __ the First and Second estates.
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taxing
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One important result of the Estates-General was the formation of the
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National Assembly.
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The National Assembly voted to pay off the huge government debt by selling __ lands.
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church
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When the new National Convention met in 1792, what form of government did the radicals create?
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republic
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The Reign of Terror gave way to the Directory phase of the revolution in which the dominant political force was The Reign of Terror gave way to the Directory phase of the revolution in which the dominant political force was
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the middle class and bourgeoisie.
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What war tactic helped the Russians defeat Napoleon?
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scorching the earth so the French would have no food
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The Congress of Vienna promoted the principle of legitimacy by restoring
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the old rulers/hereditary monarchs
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In 1789, the delegates to the Estates-General that broke away and declared themselves to be the National Assembly were from
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the Third Estate.
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The poorest members of the Third Estate were .
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urban workers
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What form of government did the National Assembly create with the Constitution of 1791?
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limited monarchy
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When radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly in the fall of 1792, they extended voting rights to all
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men.
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Robespierre believed that France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through the use of
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terror.
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During the Reign of Terror, trials and executions were carried out under the authority of
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Revolutionary courts.
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Under the Napoleonic Code men regained complete authority over their
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individual rights.
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The Continental System was a form of
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economic warfare.
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Napoleon’s final defeat was at the
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battle of waterloo.
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A major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna was to suppress __ throughout Europe.
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nationalist fervor
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The cotton gin was a machine that could separate seeds from
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cotton.
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The first factories developed in what industry?
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textile
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Thomas Malthus discouraged vaccinations because disease was a natural means of .
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controlling the population
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David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages” Says that wages will never increase as long as there are more __ than available __
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workers jobs.
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“The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was a goal of
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utilitarians.
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German socialists formed a social democracy in the 1860s in order to transition gradually from
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capitalism to socialism.
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Karl Marx despised capitalism because he believed that it created __ for a few and __ for many.
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prosperity poverty
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Railroads an improvement over canals because railroads did not have to follow the
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course of a river.
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The putting-out system was a method of producing __ in individual __
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cloth homes.
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The people who lived in tenements in industrial cities were part of
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the working class.
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Most early factory workers were women because employers could pay women __ than men.
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less
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Jeremy Bentham believed that laws should be judged by whether they bring more __ than __
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pleasure pain.
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According to socialists, the solution to poverty and injustice was shared __ by the people of the means of __
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ownership production.
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The Concert of Europe was an agreement to support the
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old order.
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The ideas of liberals were sometimes called “bourgeois liberalism” because liberals spoke mostly for
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the middle class.
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Creating a homeland for people who shared a common heritage was a major goal of
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nationalists.
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After independence, Britain, France, and Russia pressured the Greeks to accept a German king because the European powers did not support the revolution’s __ ideals.
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nationalist
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. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna united the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) and the Kingdom of Holland because the Congress wanted to create a strong
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barrier to french revolutionaries
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What major event occurred during “February Days” in France in 1848?
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Louis Philippe abdicated, Second Republic was formed
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During the “June Days” in France, the peasants attacked protesting socialist workers because they feared the socialists would
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take their land.
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Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolt that eventually resulted in independence for
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Haiti.
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Father Miguel Hidalgo’s “el Grito de Dolores” was a call to fight for Mexican
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independence
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Napoleon’s occupation of Spain spurred __ and his followers to begin the struggle for independence.
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Bolivar
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When Napoleon ousted the Spanish king in 1808 it encouraged widespread rebellion in
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Latin America.
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As a result of the revolutionary uprising in Belgium in the 1830s, Belgium became an independent __ with a liberal
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state constitution.
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Conservatives of the early 1800s believed in the restoration of the
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old order/monarchies.
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Liberals strongly supported laissez-faire economics as the best way to help __ succeed.
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businesses
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Milos Obrenovic was able to win Russian support for Serb independence because the Russians and Serbs shared a common
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language and religion
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The Second Republic in France ended when __ became emperor.
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Louis Napoleon (III)
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As a result of the 1830 revolt in Poland, Russian forces __ the revolt.
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crushed/ended/squashed
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The overwhelming majority of French voters supported Louis Napoleon and his Second Empire because many voters thought a __ was more __ than a republic.
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monarchy stable
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Which revolutionary leader helped Argentina win freedom from Spain?
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San Martin
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Japan lacked many basic resources, yet it industrialized rapidly after 1868 because Japanese __ leaders placed a high __ on modernization.
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political priority
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A production method in which workers repeatedly perform one task in the manufacturing process is called the
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assembly line.
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The population of Europe exploded between 1800 and 1900 in large part because __ advances reduced the death rate.
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medical/health
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The popular saying “A man’s home is his castle” reflected what middle-class value of the late 1800s? The cult of
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domesticity
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The purpose of Normal Schools was to train students to be
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teachers.
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Englishman John Dalton made an important breakthrough in chemistry by showing that each __ has its own kind of __
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element atoms.
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What theory applied the idea of natural selection to the development of business and society?
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Social Darwinism
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Romanticism can be described as a revolt against the Enlightenment’s emphasis on
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reason.
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The Wright Brothers’ flying machine was made possible by the invention of the
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internal combustion engine.
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German doctor Robert Koch identified the bacteria that causes __ in the 1880s.
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tuberculosis and anthrax
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The effectiveness of women involved in the temperance movement was limited because they could not __ and were barred from most _____________________.
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vote
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In 1869, what chemist developed a table that became the basis for the periodic table of elements used today?
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Mendeleev
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Participants in the Tennis Court Oath swore to continue meeting until they were able to bring about a
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constitution for France.
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