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126 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The Swiss city-state of Geneva became a model of Protestant morality under the leadership of
John Calvin.
What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?
Each German prince could decide the religion for his lands
Anabaptists believed that infants should not be __ because infants are too young to accept the Christian faith.
baptized
Humanist scholars differed from medieval thinkers in that humanists tended to focus more on __ subjects.
worldly
The purpose of the Council of Trent was to direct the reform of the
Catholic Church.
In the 1600s, Robert Boyle’s work transformed the field of
chemistry.
The inventor who perfected the microscope and was the first person to see cells and microorganisms was
Anton von Leeuwenhoek.
The calculations of astronomer Johannes Kepler showed that the planets move around the sun in
oval orbits.
What was the primary event that trigged the formation of the Church of England?
Henry VIII wanted a divorce
The main goal of the Jesuits was to __ the Catholic faith.
defend, restore, and spread
In Ming China, European traders paid for Chinese silks and porcelains in gold or silver instead of exchanging trade goods because the Chinese did not want inferior European
trade goods.
After the Japanese, and later the Manchus, invaded Korea, the Koreans responded by __ from their nation.
excluding foreigners
When the first European traders arrived in the 1500s, the Japanese responded by __ trade with the West.
welcoming
The voyage to Calicut by Vasco da Gama soon led to the creation of a vast trading empire for
Portugal.
How did Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias seek a sea route to Asia in 1460?
He rounded the tip of Africa
In 1513, Spanish adventurer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean by traveling
traveling overland through Panama.
To rule China effectively after seizing Beijing in 1644, the Manchus __ the Confucian system of government.
accepted
Why did Japanese shoguns turn against foreign traders in the mid-1500s? Because they saw foreigners as a threat after __ seized the __
Spain Philippines.
The Ming rulers allowed limited trade with Europeans under the condition that the Europeans would __ at the end of the trading season.
leave
To conquer the Aztec empire, Hernán Cortés __ with conquered people who hated the Aztecs.
formed alliances
The conquistador who added the lands of the present-day countries of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile to the Spanish empire was .
Francisco Pizarro
At the top of Spanish colonial society were the
peninsulares.
Through the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, __ claimed its empire of Brazil.
Portugal
The English colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were mainly set up as havens for __ groups.
persecuted religious
The first leg of the triangular trade route brought __ goods to __
Europeans Africa.
Widespread inflation struck Europe in the mid-1500s due to the increasing amounts of __ from the Americas.
silver and gold
What mercantilist policy was designed to protect local industries from foreign competition?
Tariffs increased the price of imported goods.
The Spanish king maintained strict control over his empire through his __ in Spain that monitored colonial officials.
Council of Indies
In Spanish colonial society, creoles were native-born descendants of Spanish settlers.
native-born descendants
To ensure that its colonies would be profitable, Spain established __ for its colonies.
strict trade laws
As a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Britain gained __ and all lands east of the Mississippi River.
Canada
Spain tried to change its American colonies with the New Laws of the Indies in 1542 which forbade the __ of Native Americans.
abuse and enslavement
The Mayflower Compact set out guidelines for governing the
Plymouth colony.
In their effort to gain control of the Incas, the Spanish __ the Inca ruler Atahualpa.
captured (took him for ransom) and killed him after the ransom was paid
Joint stock companies allowed early European capitalists to pool large amounts of
capital.
What was a major threat to the empire of Charles V?
he was a Catholic, fought to suppress Protestantism
An important goal of Philip II of Spain was to defend the
Catholic Reformation.
In 1598, the Edict of Nantes helped to ensure that French Protestants would not be
persecuted (Edict of Nantes said that Huguenots had religious toleration and other freedoms).
When the Huguenots left France in the 1680s, their departure seriously hurt the French
economy.
The Long Parliament met when Charles I requested funds to suppress a __ rebellion.
Scottish
What type of government was created in England by the Glorious Revolution?
Constitutional Limited Monarchy
As a result of the treaty known as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained territory on its __ frontiers.
Spanish and German
Peter the Great waged war against the Ottoman empire to gain a __ on the Black Sea.
warm water port
Under the rule of Catherine the Great, Russia seized lands in
eastern Poland.
A major cause of conflict within the empire of King Charles was the suppression of __ in the German states.
Protestants
Under the rule of Philip II, the defeat of __ helped to increase Spanish power.
Ottomans at the coast of Greece (Battle of Lepanto
After the death of his chief minister in 1661, Louis XIV governed France by taking __ control of the government.
absolute
Louis XIV appointed royal officials from the middle class to his bureaucracy because they helped to check the power of the
nobles and the Church.
Finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert helped to make France the wealthiest state in Europe by imposing __ policies to bolster the economy.
mercantilist
The Tories were an English political party that __ broad royal powers
supported
One result of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 was that the monarch could not interfere in
parliamentary debates.
Frederick William I helped to unify Prussia after the death of his father in 1713 by giving the Junkers positions in the
army and government.
By 1750, Prussia and Austria were battling for control of the
German states.
What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?
Natural law
Enlightenment writers often faced __ because they challenged the old order.
censorship
An enlightened despot was a ruler who influenced __ change.
political and social
Because the American colonies were home to diverse religious and ethnic groups, social distinctions were more __ than in Europe.
blurred
The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the American Revolution because the American victory convinced __ to support the Revolution.
France
Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the
Scientific Revolution.
Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it spread
Enlightenment ideas.
Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be regulated by the forces of
supply and demand.
During the Enlightenment, government and church officials justified their use of censorship to stop enlightenment writers by saying God set up the
old order.
One advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution was the diverse
geography.
The Constitution created a federal republic, which divided power between __ governments.
national and state
Louis XVI was forced to dismiss his financial advisor, Jacques Necker, when Necker proposed __ the First and Second estates.
taxing
One important result of the Estates-General was the formation of the
National Assembly.
The National Assembly voted to pay off the huge government debt by selling __ lands.
church
When the new National Convention met in 1792, what form of government did the radicals create?
republic
The Reign of Terror gave way to the Directory phase of the revolution in which the dominant political force was The Reign of Terror gave way to the Directory phase of the revolution in which the dominant political force was
the middle class and bourgeoisie.
What war tactic helped the Russians defeat Napoleon?
scorching the earth so the French would have no food
The Congress of Vienna promoted the principle of legitimacy by restoring
the old rulers/hereditary monarchs
In 1789, the delegates to the Estates-General that broke away and declared themselves to be the National Assembly were from
the Third Estate.
The poorest members of the Third Estate were .
urban workers
What form of government did the National Assembly create with the Constitution of 1791?
limited monarchy
When radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly in the fall of 1792, they extended voting rights to all
men.
Robespierre believed that France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through the use of
terror.
During the Reign of Terror, trials and executions were carried out under the authority of
Revolutionary courts.
Under the Napoleonic Code men regained complete authority over their
individual rights.
The Continental System was a form of
economic warfare.
Napoleon’s final defeat was at the
battle of waterloo.
A major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna was to suppress __ throughout Europe.
nationalist fervor
The cotton gin was a machine that could separate seeds from
cotton.
The first factories developed in what industry?
textile
Thomas Malthus discouraged vaccinations because disease was a natural means of .
controlling the population
David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages” Says that wages will never increase as long as there are more __ than available __
workers jobs.
“The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was a goal of
utilitarians.
German socialists formed a social democracy in the 1860s in order to transition gradually from
capitalism to socialism.
Karl Marx despised capitalism because he believed that it created __ for a few and __ for many.
prosperity poverty
Railroads an improvement over canals because railroads did not have to follow the
course of a river.
The putting-out system was a method of producing __ in individual __
cloth homes.
The people who lived in tenements in industrial cities were part of
the working class.
Most early factory workers were women because employers could pay women __ than men.
less
Jeremy Bentham believed that laws should be judged by whether they bring more __ than __
pleasure pain.
According to socialists, the solution to poverty and injustice was shared __ by the people of the means of __
ownership production.
The Concert of Europe was an agreement to support the
old order.
The ideas of liberals were sometimes called “bourgeois liberalism” because liberals spoke mostly for
the middle class.
Creating a homeland for people who shared a common heritage was a major goal of
nationalists.
After independence, Britain, France, and Russia pressured the Greeks to accept a German king because the European powers did not support the revolution’s __ ideals.
nationalist
. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna united the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) and the Kingdom of Holland because the Congress wanted to create a strong
barrier to french revolutionaries
What major event occurred during “February Days” in France in 1848?
Louis Philippe abdicated, Second Republic was formed
During the “June Days” in France, the peasants attacked protesting socialist workers because they feared the socialists would
take their land.
Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolt that eventually resulted in independence for
Haiti.
Father Miguel Hidalgo’s “el Grito de Dolores” was a call to fight for Mexican
independence
Napoleon’s occupation of Spain spurred __ and his followers to begin the struggle for independence.
Bolivar
When Napoleon ousted the Spanish king in 1808 it encouraged widespread rebellion in
Latin America.
As a result of the revolutionary uprising in Belgium in the 1830s, Belgium became an independent __ with a liberal
state constitution.
Conservatives of the early 1800s believed in the restoration of the
old order/monarchies.
Liberals strongly supported laissez-faire economics as the best way to help __ succeed.
businesses
Milos Obrenovic was able to win Russian support for Serb independence because the Russians and Serbs shared a common
language and religion
The Second Republic in France ended when __ became emperor.
Louis Napoleon (III)
As a result of the 1830 revolt in Poland, Russian forces __ the revolt.
crushed/ended/squashed
The overwhelming majority of French voters supported Louis Napoleon and his Second Empire because many voters thought a __ was more __ than a republic.
monarchy stable
Which revolutionary leader helped Argentina win freedom from Spain?
San Martin
Japan lacked many basic resources, yet it industrialized rapidly after 1868 because Japanese __ leaders placed a high __ on modernization.
political priority
A production method in which workers repeatedly perform one task in the manufacturing process is called the
assembly line.
The population of Europe exploded between 1800 and 1900 in large part because __ advances reduced the death rate.
medical/health
The popular saying “A man’s home is his castle” reflected what middle-class value of the late 1800s? The cult of
domesticity
The purpose of Normal Schools was to train students to be
teachers.
Englishman John Dalton made an important breakthrough in chemistry by showing that each __ has its own kind of __
element atoms.
What theory applied the idea of natural selection to the development of business and society?
Social Darwinism
Romanticism can be described as a revolt against the Enlightenment’s emphasis on
reason.
The Wright Brothers’ flying machine was made possible by the invention of the
internal combustion engine.
German doctor Robert Koch identified the bacteria that causes __ in the 1880s.
tuberculosis and anthrax
The effectiveness of women involved in the temperance movement was limited because they could not __ and were barred from most _____________________.
vote
In 1869, what chemist developed a table that became the basis for the periodic table of elements used today?
Mendeleev
Participants in the Tennis Court Oath swore to continue meeting until they were able to bring about a
constitution for France.