World History 2 Midterm

Front 1

Divine right

Back 1

the right of being able to rule comes from god directly

Front 2

Absolutism

Back 2

political belief that one ruler should hold all the power within the boundaries of the country

Front 3

Louis XIV

Back 3

King of France, became the most powerful in Europe

Front 4

westernization

Back 4

Changing to the social, political, and economic customs of "western" countries

Front 5

English Civil War

Back 5

a war in which supporters and opponents of king Charles fought (Royals vs. puritans)

Front 6

Constitutional Monarchy

Back 6

A form of government where the laws are limited by ruler's power

Front 7

Enlightenment

Back 7

A new intellectual movement that stressed the reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

Front 8

Social Contract

Back 8

Had over your rights to a ruler for protection, law and order in exchange

Front 9

Hobbes

Back 9

An English, political thinker, he thought people were bad by nature and needed government to provide rules

Front 10

Locke

Back 10

A philosopher who believed people naturally govern themselves

Front 11

Rousseau

Back 11

Was a socialist philosopher, that opposed Hobbes' ideas, and thought that people were naturally good.

Front 12

Montesquieu

Back 12

He wanted to rid France of the three estates political system. He wanted a strong government that had a balance of power.

Front 13

French Revolution

Back 13

When the French rebelled against the corrupt government for hopes of more rights and equality.

Front 14

Conservative

Back 14

People "on the right." who wanted few or no changes in government.

Front 15

Napoleon

Back 15

Famous French ruler.
He started his career in the military.
He helped pick up France out of the revolution and created large changes to the government, ex. Napoleonic code.
During his rule he gained a lot of power for France.

Front 16

Estate System

Back 16

Division into three social classes: 1. Clergy, 2. Nobility and 3. 97% of population
Rights and power lessened from 1-3 estate

Front 17

Moderate

Back 17

Person with moderate views called a "centralist"
Wanted some changes in government.

Front 18

Liberal/Radical

Back 18

People who want "radical" or drastic changes in government, strongly oppose monarchy

Front 19

Congress of Vienna

Back 19

Meeting between European countries with the goal of long term peace and a balance of power.

Front 20

Legislative Assembly

Back 20

Provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making. It consisted of the two opposing groups: middle class moderates/3rd estate vs. Jacobins/Radicals.

Front 21

What characteristics of the time period and French society made conditions right for revolution?

Back 21

The dictator, Maximilian Robespierre held a very controlling rule over France. With the ideas of the Enlightenment spreading throughout the world, the French people grasped ideas of freedom and equality and found opportunity for revolt.

Front 22

In what ways did the Reign of Terror contradict the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

Back 22

Robespierre led about 40,000 people to be executed for sometimes little or no reasons. About 85% of the killings were of the urban poor or middle class.

Front 23

Which groups gained power as a result of the French Revolution?

Back 23

Political power shifted from the king and nobility to the middle class. Soon Napoleon came to power.

Front 24

What territories was Napoleon successful in uniting under his empire? Why?

Back 24

Napoleon was able to gain control of Italy and be crowned king.

Front 25

What territories was Napoleon unsuccessful in uniting for his empire? Why?

Back 25

He was never able to gain control of Britain, Austria, Russia, Portugal, Prussia and Germany.
He gained short-term control of Spain, as the Spanish people rebelled.

Front 26

What did the congress of Vienna establish? Was it successful? (Why/Why not?)

Back 26

It established a peaceful communication line between all European powers, in order to prevent any one country to gain to much power and break out into revolution. It secured European governments creating at least a temporarily peaceful Europe.

Front 27

Nationalism

Back 27

The belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to the king but to the people.

Front 28

Nation-State

Back 28

A nation with its own independent government.

Front 29

Otto von Bismarck

Back 29

Conservative, chosen as Germany's prime minister.

Front 30

Franco-Prussian War

Back 30

Prussians beat France, helping to unify Germany and strengthened Nationalism.

Front 31

How did Napoleon's conquests in Europe lead to nationalism?

Back 31

People joined together because they did not have loyalty to the leader, but instead to the people.

Front 32

How was Italy united? How was Germany United?

Back 32

Italy was united by two leaders who promoted nationalist rebels.
Germany was united, at first as an alliance of loose states called the confederation but then became fully unified by the help of Prussia.

Front 33

How can nationalism be both a unifying and a dividing force?

Back 33

It can unify people by similarities as well as divide people through exclusion, for example, cultural backgrounds.

Front 34

What are the different ways that a country can form?

Back 34

Mainly by unifying and promoting patriotism and nationalism.

Front 35

Agricultural Revolution

Back 35

Farmers adopted systems of crop rotation and the seed drill to increase efficiency.

Front 36

Industrial Revolution

Back 36

The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that begun in England in the mid 1700s.

Front 37

Factors of Production

Back 37

The resources needed to produce goods and services that the individual revolution required.

Front 38

Urbanization

Back 38

City building and the movement of people into cities.

Front 39

Middle class

Back 39

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers.

Front 40

Laissez-faire economics

Back 40

economic policy of governments not interfering with business

Front 41

Union

Back 41

voluntary labor associations

Front 42

Strike

Back 42

workers refuse to work

Front 43

Industrialization
(Assembly line, Mechanization, Interchangeable parts)

Back 43

Assembly line: A line of people or machines in which each different person/machine performs the next process in the order of production.
Mechanization: Using machines to perform all the/most of the processes of production
Interchangeable parts: Parts that are the same so can be used to replace each other,

Front 44

What factors led to Britain becoming the first country to industrialize?

Back 44

Britain had the resources needed and the services required in order to industrialize.

Front 45

What early industries mechanized?

Back 45

The textile industry, metal working, and farming

Front 46

How did population contribute to the growth of industrialization?

Back 46

There were lots of people who needed jobs, which were centralized in the cities which helped to expand industrialization.

Front 47

What problems did rapid urbanization create? How did Malthus argue these problems could be solved?

Back 47

Child labor, overcrowded cities, pollution, and loss of jobs for skilled workers.
Malthus said the population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply. Without wars and epidemics to kill off extra people, most were destined to be poor and miserable.

Front 48

How were class tensions affected by the Industrial Revolution?

Back 48

Factory owners, and merchants were filthy rich while the workers and laborers were living in poverty.