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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Early Jewish history: The Promised Land
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Palestine (Canaan) is the present day Israel, West Bank, and Gaza Strip
Canaan became the Hebrew homeland 950 B.C. the Jews build the First Temple in Jerusalem Babylonians destroy the First Temple Jews build a Second Temple on the same site Romans destroy the Second Temple |
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The Promised Land and diaspora
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Romans defeat the Jews and force them from Palestine
Many jews end up in Europe and Russia |
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The formation of Israel
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-By 1917 the British have promised a Jewish homeland in the same area
-Zionism is the desire of Jews to re-establish their homeland in Palestine -1930’s-1940’s there is continued Jewish migration and escalating conflicts between Jews and Arabs as Jews begin to encroach on Arab settlements |
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Jews and Arabs as Jews begin to encroach on Arab settlements
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The conundrum: The British promised the same areas to Jews and Arabs
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The Holocaust (major catalyst)
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By 1947, the United Nations (UN) intervenes
UN Partition Plan -creates a separate Jewish and Arab state -this is the birth of modern Israel |
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The birth of Israel
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Arab nations attack Israel one day after it achieves independence
Israelis bend but don’t break and launch a massive counterattack known as the “War for Independence” Israel gains significant new territory With independence, Israel initiates the Law of Return |
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Law of Return
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Any Jews worldwide are given immediate citizenship in Israel
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After the War for Independence, very negative relations exist between Israel and the Arab nations
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-Thousands of Arab refugees flee Israeli territory
-The Arab nations do not officially recognize Israel |
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The 1956
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-Egypt under Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal which was under joint French-British ownership
-Egypt blockades the Gulf of Akaba -Israel, France, and Britain view these as acts of war and attack Egypt -France and Britain were humiliated -Major israel/Egyptian fighting, but the UN intervened -Considered a major victory for Egypt and defeat for Israel (although the blockade was lifted) |
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The 1967 War the “Six Day War”
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-Egypt again blockades the Gulf of Akaba
-Massive Syrian and Egyptian troop buildup along the Israeli border -Israel launches a surprise attack |
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Post 1967 war
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-Thousands of Arab refugees flee newly acquired Israeli territory to surrounding nations (Jordan, Egypt, Syria)
-Major international crisis -Israel begins establishing “settlements” in predominantly Arabic West Bank and other areas |
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The 1973 War
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-Syria and Egypt attack Israel on a Jewish holy day (Yom Kippur)
-International intervention; talks begin Egypt wins back eastern side of Suez Canal Syria won back small portion of the Golan Heights -The US supported Israel in the 1973 war Results in the Arab oil embargo |
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Camp David Accords
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The Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights are now known as the “occupied territories”
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1982 War
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-General civil unrest in Lebanon
-The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) uses Lebanon as a staging area for attacks on Israel -Israel invades Lebanon to smash the PLO PLO flees to Tunisia -Israel withdraws from Lebanon to the “Security Zone” in Southern Lebanon -Still occasional attacks from the Hizbullah who are a shi’ite muslim group in Lebanon |
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Where does Israel stand today?
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-Israel has withdrawn from the “security zone” in lebanon
-Some dialog w/the new PLO leadership -Still controls the occupied territories Withdraw from the gaza strip -Often the victim; sometimes the instigator -Still establishing settlements (albeit very slowly) -Tenuous peace w/neighbors |
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What are the major points of contention b/t Israelis and Palestinians land other Arab nations?
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-Israel’s right to exist
-Israel’s possession of Arab territory from war (occupied territories) -Rights of Palestinians -Jordan River and water rights -Jewish settlements -Control of Jerusalem |
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Political groups and terrorist groups in modern Israel
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-Labor Party
-Likud Party -PLO -Hamas -Hizbullah |
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Labor Party
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-Israel’s more liberal political party
-Is “willing to trade land for peace” |
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Likud Party
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-Israel’s more conservative party
-“will not compromise israel’s security” |
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PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)
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The governing body for the Palestinians
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Hamas
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-An extremist Palestinian group
-Wants the destruction of israel |
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Hizbullah
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Shi’ite Muslim extremist group based in Lebanon, funded by Iran
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Iraq
Overview |
Overview
population=29 million very high population growth rate ethnic or religious groups shiite muslim arabs (60% population) sunni muslim arabs (25% population) sunni kurds (15% population) |
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Iraq
Early History |
Ottoman Turk control for almost 400 years
British defeat Ottomans in WWI Became independent in 1932 -pro-western monarchy until 1950s -republic from 1960s-1970s -Saddam Hussein dictatorship begin in mid- 1970s -growing wealth from oil revenues -used oil money to engage in foolish military campaigns -invasions/wars to exert influence in the region |
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Iran-Iraq War
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1980 Iran-Iraq War
Iraq invades Iran -secure more mineral resources -expand territory 1980 to 1988 ½ million killed or wounded super power proxies -U.S. and Soviet Union funded both sides in hopes of a stalemate |
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Gulf War
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Iraq invades Kuwait in 1991
U.S. led international coalition to free Kuwait Iraq defeated by Hussein remains -Leads to violent crackdowns on Kurds and Shiite Arabs within Iraq |
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Iran
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Overview
-Pop=71 million -90% Shitte Muslim -Non Arab Nation -Iranian majority -Many minority groups -Historical name is Persia -Oil rich, very limited agriculture |
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Iran's History
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-Very poor and undeveloped before WWI
-Massive modernization and westernization occurred from WWI-1970s -Coincided with the global demands for oil -Tremendous rural to urban migration -Rising religious fervor led to Revolution in 1978 -Take over by an extremist Shiite government with a narrow interpretation of Islamic rule -Hostilities between Iran and the U.S./"The West" |
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Recent History of Iran
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-Loosening of the Regime
-2005 election was promising -Moderate, reform-minded president lost -Ahmadinejad elected instead --Outspoken critic of the US and the West --Denied the Holocaust and called the destruction of Israel --Accelerated Iran's nuclear program |
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Afghanistan Overview
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-Pop=32 million
-Landlocked, very underdeveloped -Strategic, location where middle east, south asia, and Russia/former soviet union meet -Rugged, mountainous nation -Several ethnic groups |
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Afghanistan
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-Economy tied to opium poppy production for heroin
-Opium money used by the Taliban to acquire arms |
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Afghanistan 20th Century History
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-Largely isolated and underdeveloped throughout the century
-Soviet Union invaded in 1979, largely to prevent a fundamentalist Islamic regime like that in neighboring Iran -Enormous human cost to soviet invasion --1 million killed --2 million as internal refugees -6 million fled to neighboring nations |
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The Taliban
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-Formation and strength as a result of "blowback"
--US, Egypt, Saudi Arabia provided weapons and or soldiers --Soviets became bogged down and withdrew --Afghan fighters turned on US and Arab allies --Taliban overtook Afghanistan -Brutal, fundamentalist regime |
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Regions of South Asia
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India
Pakistan Bangladesh |
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Regions of Southeast Asia
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Thailand
Vietnam Philippines Indonesia |
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Regions of East Asia
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China
Japan Koreas |
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Asia's magnitudes
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-Covers 1/8 of the worlds surface
-60% of the worlds population is in Asia |
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Physical Geography of Asia
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-Inner Highland
--Himalayas --Tibetan Plateau --Mongolian Plateau -River Plains and Hills Lands --Between Inner Highland and the sea --Some of the world's major rivers --Some of the largest islands |
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Monsoon
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A current of air blowing steadily in a given direction for several weeks or months
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Summer Monsoon
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Blows in from the sea often brings hot, humid conditions and summer rains
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Winter Monsoon
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Blows from the dry interior often brings dry, stable conditions
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Distribution of population
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Densest areas along rivers and coastal plains
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Dominance of village settlement
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2/3 of Asians live in villages rather than in cities
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Rural to urban population shift
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Rapidly accelerating rural to urban migration
Some of the most extensive rural to urban migration in the world |
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Major geographic qualities of South Asia
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-South Asia has well-defined boundaries
-The two river systems (Ganges-Brahmaputra and the Indus) are the lifelines for hundreds of millions -India is the heart of the world’s second largest population cluster -No area of the world faces demographic problems with such urgency as South Asia -All have low-income economies -Agriculture in South Asia is inefficient and less productive -The majority of South Asians live in villages and subsist directly off the land -There is strong cultural regionalism in South Asia Hinduism in India Islam in Pakistan Buddhism in Sri Lanka |
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Cultural traditions in Southeast Asia
India and South Asia |
-Around 0 AD, migrants from India established Hindu kingdoms in Southeast Asia
-In the 13th century, Theravada Buddhism arrived from South Asia -Theravada Buddhism is the dominant religion in Burma, Thailand, and Cambodia -Thai, Burmese, and Cambodian script is based on the Indian script |
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Cultural traditions in Southeast Asia
China |
-Vietnam was largely unaffected by South Asian traditions, but was greatly influenced by China
-Vietnam was a Chinese province until about 1000 AD -Religion is dominantly Mahayana Buddhism which is found in China and EastAsia -Until the French colonial period, Vietnamese used Chinese characters -Large Chinese migration to Southeast Asia -Chinese migration peaked in the 1800s and 1900s largely because of problems within China and attractive emerging economic opportunities in Southeast Asia -Many Chinese settled in urban areas and “Chinatowns” exist in several southeast Asian cities -Relations between the Chinese and the Southeast Asians has often been strained -Chinese have been very successful as small businessmen which has caused some resentment |
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The arrival of Islam
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-Middle Eastern merchants began to introduce Islam in the 13th century
-Islam replaced Buddhism and Hinduism in Malaysia and Indonesia where it is the dominant religion -Even when Europeans arrived in Southeast Asia, Islam was still spreading -The spanish introduced Christianity to the Philippines where it directly conflicted with Islam in the southern islands |
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Christianity
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-The Spanish introduced Catholicism to the Philippines
-Philippines is the only majority Christian nation in SE Asia |
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Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
Burma (also called Myanmar) |
-one of the world’s poorest nations
-heterogeneous population -largely Buddhist -corrupt military regime -major opium producer |
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Vietnam
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-development hindered by its elongated shape
-fast-growing population -normalized trade relations with the U.S. -large rice exports |
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Cambodia
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-largely homogeneous nation (Khmer)
-Khmer Rouge --killed 2 million Cambodians (¼ of population) --resulted in economic turmoil |
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Laos
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-landlocked
-one of the world’s poorest; least developed nations -only 19% urban -no railroads; only a few miles of paved roads |
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Thailand
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-leading nation on the mainland of SE Asia
-strong economy (“Tiger Cub”) -major rice exporter -leader in tourism |
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Insular Southeast Asia
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-Includes Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore and Brunei
-Volcanically active region -Generally high population and localized high population densities -Philippines 75 million -Indonesia 207 million -Malaysia Malaysia has recently experienced rapid population growth and is considered an “Asian Tiger” |
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Malaysia
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-Labor intensive, high-tech manufacturing is the mainstay of Malaysia’s economy
-Malaysia’s economy suffered severely from the late 1990s Asian economic crisis -Great regional disparity in Malaysia --industrial development is limited to the west side of the Malaysian Peninsula |
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Indonesia
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-At the time of Indonesian independence (1949), the nation was one of the world’s poorest countries
-most of Indonesia's early economy was based on plantation agriculture -oil exploration proved to be fruitful and Indonesia is an oil exporter (albeit a small one) -Large regional disparities in Indonesia |
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The Philippines
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-Forty years ago, the Philippines was the most developed SE Asian country
-By the 1980s and 1990s, the Philippine economy began to disintegrate -The Philippine economy boosted by remittances --remittances are when citizens working abroad return money to their home country |
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Korean Similarities
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-Common heritage and early history
-Korean ethnicity -Korean language |
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North Korea
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-Dictatorship
-Communist -Poor -1,800 GDP -Few Exports --Minerals/metals, chemicals --missiles, drugs, counterfeit money -Mountainous, mineral rich |
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South Korea
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-Democracy
-Free market -28,100 GDP -Electronics, cars, ships, steel -13th largest economy -USs 7th most important trading partner -less rugged, extensive argiculture |
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History of the Koreas
Strategic Location |
-Strong influence and control from China and Japan
-Japan occupied Korea from 1910 to the end of WWII |
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Post-War Split
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-Russia joined the U.S. against Japan in WWII
-Russia would take control of Korea north of 38 degrees North -The U.S. would take control of Korea south of 38 degrees North |
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The Korean War
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-North Korea invades South Korea
-U.S. led coalition -China becomes involved -“Demilitarized Zone” established at the end of the war |
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North Korea
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-“Hermit State”; brutal regime
-Huge military investments; limited nuclear weapon capabilities -Massive famine and starvation in the 1990s -Aggression towards South Korea; mostly uncooperative with the world community |
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One possible “roadmap” for the future for the Koreas
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-Gradual “de-nuclearization” of North Korea in return for energy assistance (world community)
-Gradual market reforms in return for aid (China) -An end to missile production in return for aid (Japan) -An end to military aggression and a reduction in forces in return for diplomatic recognition (U.S.A) -Improvement of human rights, especially prisons (International Red Cross) |
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China
3rd largest country in the world |
This includes the disputed areas of Taiwan and Tibet
population 1.351 billion (2012) |
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Geographic Regions
Eastern China |
-low valleys and plains
-climate varies: --Humid Subtropical south ---hot & humid summers, mild winters ---same as SE United States --Humid Continental north ---very cold winters, very hot summers ---same as Iowa -densely populated -capital city --Beijing (Peking) ---Pop: 20.6 million ---Size: >6,000 sq. mi. -pollution a major problem --restrictions on driving |
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Geographic Regions
Northeastern China |
-deserts and basins
--Gobi desert fifth largest in world; largest in Asia Cold desert with extreme temperature changes: -40-122 degreesF --desertification: expanding about 1400 sq. mi./year |
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Geographic Regions
Western China |
mountains
Tibetan Plateau “The Roof of the World” World’s highest and largest plateau average elevation: >14,000 ft size: 970,000 sq. miles Climate high altitude and steppe 3rd least populated area in the world |
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Chinese History
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-China is one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations
-Written records begin with Shang Dynasty -Name “China” believed to have come from the Qin Dynasty |
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Ming Dynasty
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-Established after a peasant revolt overthrew the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty
-Increased population growth and urbanization -Increased economic activity internationally -Construction of the Great Wall completed during this period |
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Qing Dynasty
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-Last emperial dynasty of China
-The Qing emperors ruled over ⅓ of the world’s population and commanded the world’s largest economy -Defeated by the British in the First Opium War -Led to the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded Hong Kong to the British -Hong Kong was not returned to China until 1997 |
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Republic of China
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-After the abdication of the Qing emperor in 1912, descended in warlordism
-China was dominated by the struggle between the Nationalist party (Kuomintang) under Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communist party under Mao Zedong |
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Sino-Japanese War
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-Japan invades China in 1937
-Japan’s strategy called “Three Alls Strategy” “Kill all, loot all, burn all” -Estimated casualties: 20-35 million Chinese -Additional 95 million refugees |
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Rape of Nanking
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-For six weeks, Imperial Japanese soldiers murder and rape civilians, including children and the elderly
-250,000-300,000 civilian casualties -Still impacts Chinese-Japanese relations today |
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Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands
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Disputed airspace in East China Sea
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People's Republic of China
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-“Great Leap Forward”
-Campaign to change China’s economy from agrarian to industrial-Communist begins in 1957 -Led to the Great Chinese Famine -Between 23-46 million deaths |
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Cultural Revolution
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-Effort began in 1966 to remove capitalist, traditional, and cultural elements from Chinese culture to promote communism
-Ended in 1976 after the death of Mao Zedong |
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China Today
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-President: Xi Jinping
-Socialist - Market Economy (State Capitalism) -state-owned enterprise and open-market -Production for use vs. production for profit -Urban Chinese can be very wealthy -Chinese people love Western pop culture -Chinese consumer class |
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Characteristics of Australia
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-world’s oldest continent
-remoteness -sparse population -low rainfall except in a few areas - Most of the population of Australia run along the coast line (sparse total population) -Very mineral-rich country |
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Australian Aborigines
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Australian Aborigines and Native Americans in the U.S. have a similar history including rapid depopulation, a long period of limited rights, and forced relocation
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Australian Urban Settlement
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Australia is 85% urban and has large cities like Sydney (about the same size as Boston, MA)
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Haven for Malcontents or the Disillusioned
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-Australia was a dumping ground for British criminals
-The U.S. was a haven for disenchanted Puritans and others fleeing England |
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Nations of Immigrants
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Large Asian population in Australia (about 7%) as well as the largest Greek population outside of Greece and other immigrant groups such as the Irish, Italians, and Arabs
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Ecological Damage from Invasive Species
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Rabbits and other introduced plants and animals decimated Australian ecosystems even more so than in North America
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Affluence
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Both Australia and the United States are fairly wealthy
$36 thousand Australia, $45 thousand U.S. (Per capita GDP) |
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Agricultural Heritage
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Although both the U.S. and Australia are industrialized nations, both have a common heritage in agriculture
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Peacekeeping and Military Presence
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Australia has partnered with the U.S. in many occasions including: WWII, Vietnam War, Gulf War (1st), Afghanistan, and Iraq
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Similarities with the United States and Australia
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o Both were British colonies
o Both have recently celebrated their bicentennials o Both were dumping grounds for criminals and undesirables o Both had major gold rushes o Both had indigenous populations that declined because of European settlement |
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Australia’s population
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21.5 million (about the same as Texas)
Per Capita GNP of about $18,000 Predominantly British Heritage -Rapidly changing -Chinese, Indonesian, and other Europeans (largest Greek population outside of Greece/Yugoslavian refugees), and Middle Easterners Australia is 85% urban |
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Australia’s Physical Characteristics
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o Humid Eastern Highlands
-Subtropical, marine west coast o Northern Tropical Savannas - Monsoon climate o South, Southwest Mediterranean o Dry Interior - Desert and Steppe |
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Australia’s economy
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o A paradox in the developed world
-Primarily a resource based economy o Agriculture -Sheep and cattle, wheat, dairy, sugarcane o Mining -Advantages from its proximity to Japan -Inexpensive ocean travel for mining products |
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Biogeography of Australia
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o Australian plants and animals have been negatively effected by introduced species
o This is a problem worldwide in isolated island areas - Hawaii, Madagascar, Guam, and New Zealand o Endemic Species - Species that are native to a certain area o Exotic Species - Species introduced from elsewhere o Because of Australia’s isolation it has had serious problems with introduced species with not natural predators - Ex: dingo (wild dogs), feral cats, water buffalo, camels, mice, etc. |
