World Cultures Final (Unfinished)

Front 1

Culture Trait

Back 1

characteristics that are held in common by members of the same culture (ex. greetings)

Front 2

Climate

Back 2

Average weather of a place over 20-30 years

Front 3

Artifact

Back 3

a tool made by ancient civilizations

Front 4

Interdependence

Back 4

dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world

Front 5

Xenophobic

Back 5

an unreasonable fear of foreigners or strangers

Front 6

Globalization

Back 6

the acceleration and intensification of economic interaction among people, companies, and governments of the world

Front 7

Consensus

Back 7

common agreement

Front 8

Imperialism

Back 8

the policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of an economic and political control over another nation

Front 9

Nationalism

Back 9

strong pride for one's country

Front 10

Race

Back 10

a biological concept (not an indicator of language, religion, or nationality)

Front 11

Anthropology

Back 11

The study of people, their cultural development, differing ways of living and behaving

Front 12

Archaeology

Back 12

investigates culture by studying materials (relics) that have been left behind (tools, buildings, pottery)

Front 13

Export

Back 13

goods sent to markets around the world

Front 14

Import

Back 14

goods brought into the country

Front 15

Culture

Back 15

the ways of life and knowledge shared by people; learned behavior passed on from generation to generation (ex. values and beliefs)

Front 16

Patriarchal

Back 16

a society ruled by men

Front 17

Matriarchal

Back 17

a society ruled by women

Front 18

Market economy

Back 18

decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system

Front 19

Nuclear family

Back 19

two parents or a single parent and their offspring

Front 20

Extended family

Back 20

grandparents, uncles, aunts, parents, and their offspring living under the same roof (ex. common in Africa)

Front 21

Monotheism

Back 21

belief in one god

Front 22

Polytheism

Back 22

belief in many gods

Front 23

Republic

Back 23

a form of government where citizens have the power and choose representatives to represent them

Front 24

Democracy

Back 24

a form of government in which the people rule, either directly or through elected representatives

Front 25

Dictatorship

Back 25

an office or government under absolute control of one person

Front 26

Economics

Back 26

a science that deals with the making, distributing, selling and purchasing of goods and services

Front 27

Technology

Back 27

science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools

Front 28

Cultural diffusion

Back 28

the flow of cultural traits from cultural group to another (ex. war, marriage, trade, and media)

Front 29

Ethnic group

Back 29

people that share a common culture (ex. pigmentation)

Front 30

Subculture

Back 30

a cultural subgroup, especially of a nation differentiated by social status, ethnic background, religion, and residence

Front 31

Ethnocentrism

Back 31

judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture

Front 32

Racism

Back 32

a belief that one race is superior to the other or the practice of treating a person or group of people differently on the basis of their race

Front 33

Lineage

Back 33

family line

Front 34

O.P.E.C.

Back 34

..

Front 35

Muezzin

Back 35

the person who calls the Muslims to prayer five times a day

Front 36

Westernization

Back 36

process of assimilation, by a society, of the customs and practices of western culture

Front 37

Urbanization

Back 37

the change in a country or region when its population migrates from rural to urban areas or the building of cities

Front 38

Nile River

Back 38

A large river in Africa, considered the longest in the world

Front 39

Tigris river

Back 39

A river of southwest Asia rising in eastern Turkey and flowing southeast through Iraq to the Euphrates River. It was a major transportation route in ancient times.

Front 40

Euphrates River

Back 40

A river of southwest Asia flowing from central Turkey through Syria and into Iraq, where it joins the Tigris River to form the Shatt al Arab. Its waters were a major source of irrigation for the flourishing civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia

Front 41

Judaism

Back 41

the Jewish religion

Front 42

Diaspora

Back 42

the scattering of people

Front 43

Oil Embargo

Back 43

..

Front 44

Koran

Back 44

the holy book of Islam

Front 45

Moses

Back 45

..

Front 46

Abraham

Back 46

..

Front 47

The Torah

Back 47

The first five books of the Hebrew bible

Front 48

The Ten Commandments

Back 48

a set of biblical principles

Front 49

The Gospel

Back 49

..

Front 50

Jesus

Back 50

..

Front 51

Muhammad

Back 51

told by Gabriel he was a prophet of God

Front 52

Hajj

Back 52

pilgrimage to Mecca

Front 53

Mosque

Back 53

Islamic house of worship

Front 54

Hejira

Back 54

the journey to Medina

Front 55

Role of Middle Eastern women

Back 55

expected to be modest and remain secluded in their homes, "men are the managers of the affairs of women"

Front 56

Role of Middle Eastern Men

Back 56

"managed" the women

Front 57

Arranged marriages

Back 57

..

Front 58

Holy Cities of Islam

Back 58

..

Front 59

Five pillars of Islam

Back 59

5 duties:

1. Proclaim belief in 1 god

2. Pray five times a day

3. Charity to the poor and aged

4. Fasting during Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

Front 60

Shariah

Back 60

The moral code and rules of etiquette Muslims adhere to in daily life

Front 61

Caliph

Back 61

Successors to Muhammad, they led through the 7th century C.E. and collectively published the sacred texts known as the Qur'an.

Front 62

Sunni

Back 62

One of two major sects of Islam to which the majority of Muslims belong; considered the orthodox path of Islamic belief

Front 63

Shiite

Back 63

..

Front 64

Shah

Back 64

An Iranian ruler

Front 65

Balfour Declaration

Back 65

..

Front 66

Sultan

Back 66

Muslim rulers

Front 67

Millets

Back 67

Self governing communities of non-Muslims (during the ottoman empire 1500-1919)

Front 68

Genocide

Back 68

the killing or attempted killing of an entire people belonging to the same race, religion or nation

Front 69

Mandate

Back 69

a territory that was administered but not owned by a member of the league of nations

Front 70

Pan-Arabism

Back 70

sought to unite all Arabs based on their common language and culture

Front 71

Arab Nationalism

Back 71

..

Front 72

Islamic fundamentalism

Back 72

..

Front 73

Radical Islamic Fundamentalism

Back 73

..

Front 74

Iran and Iraq War

Back 74

..

Front 75

Operation Desert Storm

Back 75

..

Front 76

Suez Canal

Back 76

A canal linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea

Front 77

Kemal Ataturk

Back 77

..

Front 78

Ayatollah

Back 78

..

Front 79

War in Afghanistan

Back 79

..

Front 80

The Cold War

Back 80

..

Front 81

U.N. Partition of Israel

Back 81

..

Front 82

Arab-Israeli Wars

Back 82

..

Front 83

Palestine Liberation Organization

Back 83

goal was to reclaim Palestine and destroy Islam

Front 84

Cataract

Back 84

large waterfalls or rapids

Front 85

Tropics

Back 85

the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn

Front 86

Tropical Rainforest

Back 86

A forest with high rate of precipitation and high humidity, usually located near the equator

Front 87

Savannah

Back 87

a treeless plain or a grassland characterized by scattered trees, esp. in tropical or subtropical regions having seasonal rains

Front 88

Lineage

Back 88

family line

Front 89

Salt and gold trade in Africa

Back 89

..

Front 90

Subsistence farming

Back 90

producing just enough to meet one's own needs

Front 91

Polygamy

Back 91

having up to 4 wives

Front 92

Bride Wealth

Back 92

often one part of a reciprocal exchange, in which case it is accompanied by the provision of a dowry—a payment presented by the bride's family to that of the groom. Bridewealth may consist of money or goods, and it may be paid in one sum or in installments over a period of time

Front 93

Mansa Musa

Back 93

A Muslim, he brought the Mali empire to its greatest height. During his reign Timbuktu became a center of Muslim culture and scholarship. He also made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324

Front 94

Slave trade in Africa

Back 94

..

Front 95

Abolition

Back 95

the movement to end slavery

Front 96

Age grade

Back 96

all boys or girls born in the same year went through school and ceremonies together

Front 97

Berlin Conference

Back 97

when the Europeans made decisions about dividing Africa, recognized Leopold's claim to the Congo Free State, and accepted boundaries set up by the French, German, and Portuguese in other parts of Africa

Front 98

Henry Stanley

Back 98

Led an expedition to Africa in search of David Livingstone

Front 99

King Leopold

Back 99

ruled the Congo free state harshly

Front 100

Purdah

Back 100

Complete seclusion (women wore veils and rarely left home, and were kept separate from men other than relatives

Front 101

Nirvana

Back 101

(in Buddhism) a state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth.

Front 102

Sikhs

Back 102

..

Front 103

Jains

Back 103

..

Front 104

Subcontinent

Back 104

a large landmass that is smaller than a continent

Front 105

Monsoon

Back 105

seasonal wind and rain

Front 106

Caste System

Back 106

Social groups assigned by birth:

1. Brahmans (priests)

2. Kshatriyas (warriors)

3. Vaisyas (landowners, merchants, and herders)

4. Sudras (servants and peasants)

Front 107

Outcaste

Back 107

a person who has no caste or has been expelled from a caste

Front 108

Hinduism

Back 108

The chief religion of India that stems from ancient Aryan beliefs and practices

Front 109

Moksha

Back 109

the freeing of the soul from the body so the soul can unite with the brahman

Front 110

Reincarnation

Back 110

rebirth of the soul in various forms

Front 111

Karma

Back 111

every deed in this life affects a person's fate in a future life

Front 112

Dharma

Back 112

duties and obligations

Front 113

OM

Back 113

a sacred syllable typifying the three gods

Front 114

Shakti

Back 114

creative energy that women had

Front 115

Sri Yantra

Back 115

a diagram formed by nine interlocking triangles that surround and radiate out from the central (bindu) point

Front 116

Buddhism

Back 116

a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths

Front 117

Four Noble Truths

Back 117

1. Suffering is universal

2. The cause of suffering is universal

3. The way to end desire is to crush desire (nirvana)

4. The way to end desire is to follow the noble eightfold path

Front 118

Noble Eightfold Path

Back 118

A practical guide to right conduct

Front 119

Sati

Back 119

a virtuous woman (usually became virtuous by throwing themselves on their husbands' funeral pyres)

Front 120

Sepoy

Back 120

Indian troops fighting for Britian

Front 121

Brahman

Back 121

the supreme force (nameless, faceless, and unlimited)

Front 122

South Asian Gods

Back 122

1. Brahma, the creator

2. Vishnu, the preserver

3. Siva, the destroyer

Front 123

S Guatama

Back 123

The son of a Nepal ruler who set out to find the cause of misery (apparently meditated under a sacred tree and understood its cause), known as the Buddha or "enlightened one"

Front 124

Buddah

Back 124

the "enlightened one" who taught the four noble truths, rejected the caste system, set up monasteries, denied the existence of any gods, and wrote his ideas down in the "Three Baskets of Wisdom"

Front 125

Taj Mahal

Back 125

a monument from Shah Jahan (Akbar's grandson) to his wife

Front 126

East India Company

Back 126

the company chartered by the English government in 1600 to carry on trade in the East Indies

Front 127

Sepoy Mutiny

Back 127

..

Front 128

Indian National Congress

Back 128

(1885) Called for gradual change and urged British to open more jobs to Indians

Front 129

Mohandas Gandhi

Back 129

political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; an advocate of passive resistance

Front 130

Civil disobedience

Back 130

refusal to obey unjust laws