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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology |
The study of man, the study of humans and their immediate ancestors Uses cross cultural comparisons |
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Holistic |
Looking at the whole; past, present, and future along with everything within human span |
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Ethnography |
An account of a particular community, society, culture, based on doing fieldwork, it takes place everywhere For example a book or film |
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Ethnology |
The comparative study of ethnographic data, society, and culture, it is close in detail |
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Culture |
Traditions and customs that govern behaviors and beliefs Only happens to humans It's learned, not instinct Not biological but the ability to create culture through our biology |
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Enculturation |
A process by which a person learns their culture |
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Core values |
Sets of ideas, attitudes, beliefs, tfat are basic and provide an orgizational logic for the rest if the culture |
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Diffusion |
Borrowing of cultural traits |
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Acculturation |
Exchange of cultural features that result from contact; groups remain distinct |
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Independent innovation |
Development of the same cultural trait in seperate cultures |
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Globalization |
Accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically, technologically, and through media |
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Culture relativism |
The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect |
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Ethnicentrism |
Tendency to view ones own culture at best |
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Interview schedule |
A written guide for an interview |
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Key cultural consultant |
A well informed member of a society and acts as gatekeeper to meeting other people in a group |
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Emic |
Emic is a research strategy which focuses in local explanations and criteria of significance "their views" |
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Etic |
Research strategy that emphasises the ethnographer's, rather then the local's explanations, categories and criteria of significance |
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Rapport |
Trust, good working relationships |
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Disease |
Scientifically identified health threat, biological health threat Ex: bacteria, virus, pathogen Diabetes |
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Illness |
Condition of poor heath, socially constructed Different cultures recognize different reasons for feeling bad Ex: hysteria |
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Disease theory systems |
The differences between cultures pertaining to health care systems |
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Naturalist Disease Theory System |
Illness caused by impersonal agents ex: bacteria, accidents, genes |
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Personalistic Disease Theory System |
Illness caused by agents (witches, spirits, ghosts, etc) Ex: Navajo having diabetes- preventative |
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Emotionalistic Disease Theory System |
Illness caused by strong emotions Ex: hysteria caused by soul loss |
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Structural Violence |
A form of violence that corresponds with they systematic ways in which a social structure injures people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs |
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Social Race |
A group assumed to have biological basis, but perceived and defined in a social context rather then scientific criteria |
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Hypodescent |
Rule that automatically places children of a union between members of different groups into the historically less privileged group, the drop of blood rule |
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Phenotype |
An organism's evident traits, its manifest biology, what is seen by others |
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Ethnicity |
A sence of historical, cultural , sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group |
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Ethnic identity markers |
Things that signify your ethnic group status ex: language clothing hair food |
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Nation |
Single culture sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, kinship |
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State |
Complex socio-political system that administers a territory and population with social stratification in terms of class and power with a centralized government |
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Nation state |
An autonomous political entity, a country that is a state level society and often have the idea of a nation |
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Nationality |
Ethnic group that wish to have autonomous political statue Has an imagined community, you don't know everyone but you have something similar with these people Ex: Quabec wants to be a nation of their own |
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Assimilation |
A process of change that a minority might feel when another ethnic group is dominant, tends to integrate and become a part of the ither group. You lose some ethnic identity markers Ex: melting pot |
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Plural society |
Multiple ethnic groups who live very distinctly from one another Semi peacefully No over alligence to a nation state |
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Multiculturalism |
Opposite of assimilation Lots of ethnic groups in a nation state Gov says all ethnic groups are good but they are still apart of the national identity Ex:canada |
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Prejudice |
The devaluation of a given group on the basis of the assumed characteristics of that group Ex:her Russian friend |
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Discrimination |
Refers to the policies and practices that Harm a group and its members, putting prejudice into action |
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Defacto |
Discrimination that is practiced but not legally sanctioned |
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Dejure |
Discrimination that is legally sanctioned |
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Ethnocide |
An ethnic group survives but loses/modifies its culture Ex: England and ireland |
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Genocide |
Physical destruction of an entire group Ex:rowanda, Hutu Tutsi |
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Formed assimilation |
Ethnic groups are forced to adopt the dominant culture Ex: native americans |
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Ethnic expulsion |
Removing groups that are different Ex: post ww2 Poland made Germans leave |
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Cultural colonialism |
Domination of one ethnic group over the other |
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Language |
Humans primary means of communication, spoken or written, featuring productivity and displacement. Is naturally transmitted and required a brain and a vocal tract |
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Productivity |
Ability to create new expressions that ither people who speek this will understand |
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Displacement |
ability to describe things that aren't happening right in front of you, past, future, in another country Only humans have this |
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Call system |
System of communication among non human primates, composed of a limited # of sounds that vary in intensity and duration Not a language Produced in response to specific stimuli- fruit/food |
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Kinetics |
Study of language through body movements, stances, gestures, facial expressions |
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Phoneme |
Significant sound contrast in a language that serves to distinguish meaning English has 35 |
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Morpheme |
Smallest linguistic unit that has meaning |
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Sociolonguistics |
The study of relationships between social and linguistic variation. Study language in its social context |
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Code switching |
Changing the way one speaks depending on context. Tone of voice, what language |
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Linguistic relativity |
All languages/dialects are equal, all can affect how people think and act |
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Honrifics |
Terms used to 'honor' people often added to names Mr. Mrs. Dr. |
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P.I.E. or Proto Indo European |
The hypothetical root language of all indo-european languages |
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Economy |
A population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources |
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Mode of production |
Way of organizing production, a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge |
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Means of production |
Productive resources such as land, labor, technology, and capital Labor, who does what Capital what are they producing |
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Peasant |
Small scale agriculturalist living in a state with rent fund obligation |
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Social fund |
Work done/energy expanded to establish and maintain social ties Put efforts in because they tie everything together |
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Ceremonial fund |
Work done tobfulfill ritual obligations Time, money, effort give |
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Market exchange |
Goods and services are brought and sold, values determined by supply and demand. Profit oriented principle of exchange that dominates in industrial states |
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Redistribution |
1 person collects goods/$ from many people of the group and provides social return at a later time |
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Reciprocity |
Governs the exchanges between social equals |
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Generalized reciprocity |
Gift giving with no specific expectation of exchange Seen immeadiate family members |
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Balanced reciprocity |
Giving with expectation of exchange eventually, ex: wedding gifts |
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Negative reciprocity |
Each trading partner attempts to maximize profit; except immediate exchange |
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Band |
Small number of people, no more then 30, egalitarian, Kim based groups, lacks formal law |
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Tribe |
100-1,000 people, kin based, no formal gov, informal leaders, intervillage warfare, not perfectly egalitarian, village head/big man, sodalities |
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Village head |
Usually male part time position, limited power, uses persuasion, generous |
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Big man |
Kind of village head found in melinasia, organize feasts and stuff for village (moka), only gets power through persuasion, redistribution and regulation of internal affairs |
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Sodalities |
Non kin organizations that generate connections across groups: gender or age Individual leaders have power locally, informal |
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Age sets |
An organized group of people with membership in the basis of age ex: aarp and generations |
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Age grades |
People initatied at the same time and move through a series of life catagories together |
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Chiefdom |
Stage between tribe and state, 1000 +people, multiple villages, lots of territory Have full time chiefs in charge of regulating the economy |
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Superordinate |
Privleged group in a stratified system |
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Subordinate |
Underprivileged group I A stratified system |
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Stratum endogamy |
Marry people within one's own socio economic group |
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Social stratification |
Created by max Weber, wealth, power, and prestige |
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Wealth |
Material assets |
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Prestige |
Social status, esteem, respect, approval for acts, deeds, or qualities deemed exemplary |
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Power |
Political status, ability to exercise ones will over others |
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Chiefs |
Office filled at all times, full time, many responcibilities, qualities of chief are ascribed and achieved, mostly men |
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Social control |
Maitnence of norms and the regulation of conflict in daily life |
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Hegemony |
Controlling themselves, created by Antonio gramsci, dominant ideology ideas of their in power has been internalized as natural or common sence by those who have less power or status |
