World Cultures 29-31 Vocab

Front 1

Acropolis

Back 1

Hilltop fortress found at the center of the greek city state

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Aristocracy

Back 2

Government by a small priviledged upper class

Front 3

direct democracy

Back 3

citizens participate directly in government rather then through elected representatives

Front 4

socratic method

Back 4

question & answer technique developed by greek philosopher to teach students to examine their beliefs and discard and that cannot be proved through reason

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patrician

Back 5

wealthy landowner in ancient Rome, member of the group that controlled the government.

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plebeian

Back 6

member of the group of common people in ancient rome who could vote but not hold office.

Front 7

pax romana

Back 7

"roman peace" the first 200 years of roman empire, during which there was relative peace and prosperity

Front 8

fief

Back 8

in medieval times, an estate granted by the monarch to powerful lord, who owed the monarch loyalty and service in return

Front 9

vassal

Back 9

in medieval europe, a lesser lord who was granted estates by a poweful lord, to whom he owed loyalty and service.

Front 10

knight

Back 10

in medieval europe, a mounted warrior who was a vassal of a fuedal lord

Front 11

serf

Back 11

a peasant in feudal society who was tied to the land of a lord, to whom he/she owed service in exchange for protection

Front 12

Manor

Back 12

in medieval europe, a self-sufficent community consisting of a village and the surrounding lands administered by a feudal lord.

Front 13

sacrament

Back 13

one of the seven sacred rites administered by the roman catholic church

Front 14

charter

Back 14

written document guaranteeing certain rights to townspeople

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gothic

Back 15

architectural style highlighted y high ceilings, stained glass, elaborate stonework.

Front 16

black death

Back 16

epidemic that destroyed nearly 1/3 of euopes population in the 14th century

Front 17

joint-stock company

Back 17

private trading company that sells shares of stock to investors to raise capital

Front 18

indulgence

Back 18

a pardon for sins, sold in the early 1500's by the roman catholic church to raise money

Front 19

predestination

Back 19

belief by protestant reformer John Calvin that god decides in advance whether an individual will be saved or condemned.

Front 20

Ninety- five thesis

Back 20

arguments against catholic chruch practices posted by martin luther

Front 21

absolute monarch

Back 21

ruler who had complete authority in government and over the lives of who he/she governed

Front 22

divine right

Back 22

beliefe that rulers authority comes directly from god.

Front 23

limited monarch

Back 23

government in which monarch does not have absolute power.

Front 24

scientific mehtod

Back 24

step by step approach to study that emphasizes experimentation and observation

Front 25

magna carta

Back 25

english document, signed in 1215, that established ides that nobles had certain rights and the king had to respect the law

Front 26

english bill of rights

Back 26

signed by english monarchs in 1689, it made parliament stronger then the king and protected rights of individuals

Front 27

congress of vienna

Back 27

1814 meeting of european nations that sought to return europe to the age of powerful monarchies

Front 28

factory system

Back 28

system that brought workers and machine together in one place to manufacture goods

Front 29

assembly line

Back 29

efficient method of production in which the complex job of assembling many parts is broken into small tasks performed by individual workers

Front 30

franchise

Back 30

right to vote

Front 31

communist manifesto

Back 31

pamphlet written by marx and engels that called for the public ownership of land and the means of production

Front 32

appeasement

Back 32

making concessions to an aggressor in order to maintain peace

Front 33

holocaust

Back 33

nazi genocide against the jews during wwll

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treaty of versailles

Back 34

peace settlement that imposed harsh terms on germany after wwl

Front 35

containment

Back 35

us policy in the 1940s and 50s to stop soviet expansion

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"free world"

Back 36

term used after wwll to distinguish the democratic nations of the west from the ussr and communist nations of eastern europe

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communist bloc

Back 37

ussr and communist nations of eastern europe during the cold war

Front 38

berlin wall

Back 38

erected in 1961 by east german government to keep its citizens from fleeing to noncommunist west berlin

Front 39

truman doctrine

Back 39

us policy to assist any nation that feels threatened by commmunism

Front 40

marshall plan

Back 40

us plan to provide aid to european nations to help them rebuild their nations after wwll

Front 41

NATO

Back 41

organization formed by us and european nations to protect one another from a communist attack

Front 42

warsaw pact

Back 42

agreement between ussr and satellite nations of eastern europe to assist one another in case of western invasion

Front 43

per capita income

Back 43

average income per person in a country or region

Front 44

welfare state

Back 44

system under which the government assumes responsibility for its citizens social and economic well being

Front 45

european union

Back 45

organization to promote the free movement of people, goods, and capital, among its member states

Front 46

detente

Back 46

period of relaxation of cold war tensions in the 1970s

Front 47

romanticism

Back 47

19th century european movement that reacted against the enlightenment and valued feelings and emotions above reason

Front 48

realism

Back 48

19th century european movement in art and literature that sought to depict life as it really is

Front 49

impressionism

Back 49

19th century european painting style that tried to capture fleeting visual effects made by light and shadows