World Civilization

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New Stone Age (10,000-4000 BC), which was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture

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Neolithic Revolution

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Small Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features

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Venus figurines

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Early humans (100,000-35,000 years ago) who were prevalent during Paleolithic period

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Neandertal

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-Homo sapiens sapiens, who appeared forty thousand years ago during the Paleolithic age and were the first human
beings of the modern type
-Existed at the same time with Neandertol

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Cro-Magnon

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Egyptian kings considered to be gods on earth

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Pharaohs

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-Written language of the Sumerians, probably the first written script in the world
-Utilized for trade

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Cuneiform

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-Sophisticated law code associated with the Babylonian king Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC)
-Code was not fair for everyone
-Was 1st written code of law

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Hammurabi's Code

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A system of social organization in which males dominate the family and in which the public institutions and descent and seccession are traced through the male line

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Patriarchy

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River in central China

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Yangzi

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Chinese believe that the emperors ruled through the mandate, or approval, of heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population

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Mandate of Heaven

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Confusian concept, a sense of propriety

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Li

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Key element in Chinese philosphy that means the "way of nature" or the "way of the cosmos"

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Dao

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Daoist concept of the disengagement from the affairs of the world - "Go With The Flow". The less educated the better you are - the less government the better you are

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Wuwei

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Chinese philosophy from the Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people - service to state - obey laws - strict rules

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Legalism

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Describes the administrative apparatus of China created by the Ming dynasty and continued by the Qing dynasty. Under this system, Confusian scholars, chosen through a highly competitive series of examinations, ran the country. This system meant that China was a meritocracy, but a very conservative one

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Scholar-bureaucrats

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Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200)

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Neo-Confucianism

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Indigenous Japanese religion that emphasizes purity, clan loyality, and the divinity of the emperor

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Shintoism

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-Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor
-Feudal lords ruled instead of emperor

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Shogun

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A Japanese warrior who lived by the code of bushido

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Samurai

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-Indo-European tribes who settled in India after 1500 BC, their union with indigenous Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism
-Aryans had fair pigment
-Intermarried with Dravidians
-Cow was sacred

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Arianism

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-Peoples who produced the brilliant Harappan society in India, 3000-1500BC
-Dark pigment

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Dravidians

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Indian dynasty (321-185 BC) founded by Chandragupta Maurya and reaching peak under Ashoka

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Mauryan empire

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Indian word for a Hindu subcaste

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Jati

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Also know as suttee, Indian practice of a widow throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband

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Sati

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Hindu concept that the sum of good and bad in a person's life will determine his or her status in the new life

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Karma

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Hindu concept of obedience to religious and moral laws and order

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Dharma

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"Song of the Lord", an indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthy Mahabbarata, that was finished around 400BC and that expressed basic Hindu concepts such as karma and dharma
-Arjuna (warrior)
-Vishnya (chariot driver)
-Tries to make religion easier

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Bhagavad Gita

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Indian kshatriya who achieved enlightenment and became know as the Buddha, the founder of Buddhism

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Siddhartha Gautama

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-The "enlightened one", the term applied to Siddharta Gautama after his discoveries that would form the foundation of Buddhism
-New way of life
-Anti-Caste

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Buddha

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The "greater vehicle", a more metaphysical and more popular northern branch of Buddhism

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Mahayana

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Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated

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Nirvana

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Buddhist concept regarding individuals who had reached enlightenment but who stayed in this world to help people

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Boddhisatvas

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-Jain term for the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls
-Holy
-Peaceful

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Ahimsa

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Indian religion associated with the teacher Vardhamana Mahavira (540-468 BC) in which every physical object possessed a soul; Jains believe in complete nonviolence to all living beings

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Jainism

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Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551-479 BC), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity

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Confucianism

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-Culture that thinks it is so much ahead that it stops advancing
-Slower civilization passes them by

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Retarding Lead

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CHINA - elders are most important and respected

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Filial Piety

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Marriages set up by the parents - learn to love

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Arranged Marriages

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"China's Sorrow" - In Northern China - river that floods because of the loose soil

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Yellow River

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Kindness and benevelence

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Ren

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Book written by Confucius
-Morality/ethics applied to politics
-Harmony in society
-JUNZI - superior individuals, knowledgable people, educated people

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Analects

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Land between Tigres and Euphretes Rivers - now Iran/Iraq

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Mesopotamia

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First People

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Sumerians

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INDIA - oldest male is head of family

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Patriarchial Society

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Which Dynasty? First King was Yu - Effective Flood Control - Devoted to his people

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Zia Dynasty

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Which Dynasty? Use of bronze metal - established capital at Ao - believed in torture as punishment

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Shang Dynasty

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Longest man made creation

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Great Wall of China

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Which Dynasty? Mandate of China - new metal (iron)

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Zhon Dynasty

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Real name of Confucius

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Kong Fuzi

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Follower of Confucius - believed people were good - humans were good

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Mencius

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Follower of Confucius - believed humans were miserable - strong social discipline - you were told EXACTLY what to do and you did it to the letter of the law

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Xunzi

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1/2 ape and 1/2 human

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Humanoid

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Creator of the THEORY OF EVOLUTION

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Charles Darwin

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Elevator to heaven - placed mumified bodies into

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Pyramids

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China - in between Vietnam, Korea and Manchuria - China was in control

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Middle Kingdom

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To lower oneself- lower head to floor till you are told to stand - if you rose too soon you were put to death - Proper Respect

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Kowtow

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Ancient and sacred Hindu hymns

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Rigveda

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-1st emperor - Liu Bang
-Much red tape - beauracracy
-Confusius way of life
-Tremendous silk trade
-Paper was invented
-Rebellion with Yellow Turbans

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Han Dynasty

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-Allowed for trade between North and South using the GRAND CANAL

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Sui Dynasty

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-Confusianism
-Forced people to pay tribute; gifts and taxes

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Tang Dynasty

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-Emperor wanted beauricratic poeple in charge; wanted to own the people; Confusian beauracrats
-Fires the military generals; after that no one know how to battle

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Song Dynasty

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-New strains of rice
-Use of iron plows
-Use of oxen and buffalo
-Had new ideas in irrigation; fertilizer
-Power of patriarch increased; more strict observance of ancester worship; footbinding of the women (3" Golden Lillies)
-Silk; Procelain; Gunpowder
-First printing press; first compass; first letter of credit (checks)

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Development between Tang and Song

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Religion that believed in a flash of insight

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Zen Buddism

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Earliest Japanese writing

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Tale of Genji

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-Government of lords, castles and knights
-Fought against Confusianism

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Feudal System

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-Code of honor
-Fight to death
-Do not dishonor family; if so, kill themselves

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Bushido

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Japanese suicide

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Seppuku

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Helped Society, superior individuals

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Junzi

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-People are good
-Humans are good

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Followers of Mencius

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-Believed humans were miserable
-Strong social discipline
-told exactly what to do

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Followers of Xunzi

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Hunting vs. Farming

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Nomad Sedentary Conflict

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One God (Sun God)

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Monotheism

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-Growth of cities
-Specialization of labor

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Urbanization

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Government takes on big jobs
-Agriculture
-Military

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Government Beaurocracy

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Ruling family

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Dynasty

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India
-On Indus River
-Wealthy
-Center of Trade
-Ritual Pools
-Indoor Plumbing

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Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

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India
-Linguistic group
-Domesticated horse
Considered themselves superior

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Indo-Europeans

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Aryan stories about violence and war

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Vedas

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Aryan chief

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Rajah

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-Wrote India history
-1st classes of society (caste system)
1. Brahman
2. Kshatruyas
3. Varsyas (merchants)
4. Untouchables (bottom)

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Vedic Society

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Hinduism
-Belief in reincarnation

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Brahmans

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Hinduism - PERFECTION

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Moksha

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New Religion
-Laid back
-Holy
-Calm
-Peaceful

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Ahimsa

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Hindu Prince - Enlightened One

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Siddhartha Guatana

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Love Story - God and his wife
-Role models for married couples

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Ramayana