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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ziggurat
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*Temple towers built by the Sumerians
*Found in ancient Mesopotamia *Blue brick Shrines found on top *Terraced pyramids *Evidence of Religion |
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Venus Figurines
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*found in settlement sites
*symbolized a fertility goddess(maybe) *indication of goods production *could have been used for trade *around 30,000 BCE |
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Middle Kingdom
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-2050-1750 BCE
-reunification by southern dynasty -expansion into the Middle East begins -central authority is weakening -expansion was a security effort |
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Neolithic
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-new tools
-intensive hunter/gatherer -domestication/pastoralism -agriculture -SURPLUS |
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Sumer
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-first cities to practice agriculture
-located in modern Southern Iraq -built housed out of river reeds -developed city-states -Oikos Economy |
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cuneiform
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-writing system of ancient Near East
-1st found on clay tablets -abstract versions of pictograms -used in the Sumerian language -evidence of early record keeping |
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
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-the first hero in written literature
-Sumerian epic -one of the earliest forms of literature |
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The Code of Hammurabi
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-first record of legal code
-found in modern Iran 1760 BCE -Hammurabi conquered Mesopotamia -lists 282 laws -shows how justice was percieved |
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Paleolithic
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-"Old Stone Age"
-emergence of humans -basic/crude tools -hunting/gathering -evidence of sculptures/painting |
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ideograms
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-ancient writing system
-developed after cuneiform -ideas of things rather than names -last stage of writing before phonetic - |
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Jenne-jeno
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-discovered in 1977
-began about 250 BCE -engaged in trade -used iron, stone, copper -"Ancient Jenne" |
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Chavin
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-1st known civilization of the Andes
-polytheistic -at peak population was 2000 -farming society 1200-200 BCE |
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Chimu
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-NW Peruvian coast
-responsible for fine gold work -conquered by Aztecs -built irrigation & water storage c. 600-1470 BCE |
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Moche
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-North Coast of Peru
-evidence of religion/politics -evidence of human sacrifice of POW -engaged in warfare c.200 BCE - 600 CE |
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Maya
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-Mexico, Guatemala, Belize
-astronomers -smelted metal tools -developed hieroglyphs c. 2000 BCE- 900 CE |
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Zapotecs
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- Southern Mexico
-evidence of trade with Olmecs -peaked on the slopes of Monte Alban -50,000 in population at its peak c. 1400 BCE - 900 CE |
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Oracle Bones
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-used for predicting the future
-bones of birds, animals, turtle shells -appeared in antique markets in China -found in central plain in N. China -confirm existence of Shang dynasty |
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Xia Dynasty
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2200-1766 BCE
-semi-legendary -overlapped with Longshan -created system of dikes/river -no written evidence |
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Shang Dynasty
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1766-1122 BCE
-culture based on horse herding -evidence of warfare/chariots -artisan class based on slavery -powerful kings dominate society |
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Zhou Dynasty
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1122-256 BCE
-possibly Turkic nomads -slave revolt/Mandate from Heaven -growth of local power -iron becomes more widespread |
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Yangshao Culture
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-hunting/fishing with some agriculture
-possibly a matriarchal society -clan of ancestors linked to lineage -repeated reoccupation of Banpo c. 5000-3000 BCE |
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Longshan Culture
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c. 3000-2000 BCE
-high point of neolithic culture in China -built walls with rammed earth -settled agriculture in walled villages -noted for delicate pottery |
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Mandate from Heaven
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-justification for slave revolt
-moral claim to rule -king could rule/interest of the people -if king is weak people take over -shaped leadership for centuries |
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Old Kingdom
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-Pharaoh revered as a God
-rivalry between temple/palace -Oikos economy -monumental architecture -Pharaoh power rests in Nile flooding |
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Indus Valley Civilization
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-2 large urban centers
-river valley civilization -dependent of irrigation/flood control -evidence of agriculture -skilled hydrological engineers |
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Harrapa
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-traded with Sumeria
-established before 2800 BCE -might have been one of two capitals -grid system of streets -extensive irrigation/even in the city |
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What is believed to be the significance of paleolithic artwork like the venus figurines and cave paintings?
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-gives some of the first evidence of religious rituals/idols
-cave paintings were deep inside caves, away from living areas -venus figurines were though to represent a fertility goddess |
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Catal Huyuk
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-southern Turkey
-40 acres -horticulture/animal husbandry -5000-6000 people -outside of the Fertile Cresent |
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What explanation for the Caste system is given in the Rig Veda?
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-humans are part of nature/subject to laws of universe/not born equal
-Brahmin- mouth -Warrior - arm -People - thighs -Servants - feet |
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What is the commonly accepted explanation for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?
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-climate change
-rivers changed course -degradation of the soil -not conquered/dates don't line up -CLIMATE CHANGE + HUMAN ACT. |
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What was the basis for urbanization in the Andes region of South America?
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-trade networks connected mountains and coast
-cultural, religious, and political ties flourished as a result. |
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In what seven places was urbanization invented?
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-Egypt - flow of the Nile/winds
-Mesopotamia-Fertile Cresent -Andes Mnts.- trade networks -Indus Valley -Niger River Valley -Northern China |
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What is the basic difference between flooding in Mesopotamia and the Nile valley and what effect did this have?
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-Mesopotamia-gravity at high water times brought the water to them/carried rich soil with it/ had to provoke/control the flood
-Egypt - flooded regularly and immensely- left behind pools of water |
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In what five places did writing systems develop independently?
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-Uruk (Sumeria)
-China -Egypt -Indus Valley -Mesoamerica |
