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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Peterloo Massacre
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In 1819 one of Britain’s largest public demonstrations was held in Manchester. Between 50,000 and 60,000 people appealed for political and economic reform. Government cavalry troops attacked the crowd. Eleven people died, and more than 400 sustained injuries in what came to be known as the Peterloo Massacre. This event was critical in the early history of labor organization in Britain; many moderate Britons were outraged at the government’s action and gave their support to the emerging labor movement.
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Communist Manifesto
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Declaration of principles and objectives of the Communist League (a secret organization of émigré German artisans and intellectuals), published in London in 1848, shortly before the February Revolution in Paris. Written by Karl Marx in collaboration with Friedrich Engels, the Manifesto is divided into four sections, preceded by an introduction that begins with the provocative words, “A specter is haunting Europe—the specter of communism.”
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Battle of Waterloo
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Final and decisive action of the Napoleonic Wars, that effectively ended French domination of the European continent and brought about drastic changes in the political boundaries and the power balance of Europe. Fought on June 18, 1815, near Waterloo, in what is now Belgium, the battle ranks as a great turning point in modern history.
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The Sadler Committee
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he Sadler Committee was established by the British government in 1832 in response to criticisms of working conditions in factories. Both factory owners and workers testified to the Committee and during the course of these testimonies it became clear that industrial workers (whether men, women or children) were being subjected to appalling working conditions in Britain's factories.
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Louis XVI/Marie Antoinette
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Queen consort of Louis XVI of France from 1774 to 1792; her unpopularity helped discredit the monarchy in the period before the French Revolution (1789-1799). Like her husband, she was convicted of treason and publicly beheaded during the Revolution. Her disregard of French etiquette, her impetuous conduct, and her rumored infidelities made her the subject of court intrigues and dislike. She strongly influenced the king in his conduct of state affairs, and her choice of ministers was unwise. As the revolution neared, Marie Antoinette became the symbolic object of popular hatred for the French government.
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Tennis Court Oath
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Five wasted weeks later, the third estate finally took the initiative by inviting the clergy and nobility to join them in a single-chambered legislature where the voting would be by head. Some individual members of the other estates did so, and on June 17, 1789, they together proclaimed themselves to be the National Assembly (also later called the Constituent Assembly).
When officials locked their regular meeting place to prepare it for a royal address, members of the National Assembly concluded their initiative was about to be crushed. Regrouping at a nearby indoor tennis court on June 20, they swore not to disband until France had a constitution. This pledge became known as the Tennis Court Oath. |
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Otto Von Bismarck
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Prusso-German statesman, who was the architect of German unification and the first chancellor (1871-1890) of the united nation. Through Bismarck’s efforts, Germany was transformed from a loose collection of small states into the German Empire, the strongest industrialized nation in continental Europe. A unified Germany permanently changed the European balance of power. Though Bismarck dominated German and European politics for nearly 30 years, his career was a series of paradoxes. An ultraconservative, he initiated social and welfare reform. A master politician, he despised parliaments and parties. A Prussian patriot, he created a German empire.
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Robespierre
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one of the best-known and influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror that ended with his arrest and execution in 1794. He was described as physically unimposing and immaculate in attire and personal manners. His supporters called him "The Incorruptible", while his adversaries called him the "Tyrant".
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Henri de Saint Simon
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French socialist, born in Paris. At the age of 16 he went to the United States to fight in the American Revolution. When he returned to France, he supported the Revolution there, giving up his title. He is considered one of the founders of modern socialism. His writings present arguments in favor of a social organization directed by people of science and industry for the benefit of the whole society. He believed that industrialization—a term he created—would improve society by eliminating war and poverty and by maintaining justice. He also hoped that Christianity would be a guiding force for industrialization. The students of Saint-Simon organized and popularized his ideas after his death, and his principles became known as the philosophy of Saint-Simonianism. His major work is Le nouveau Christianisme (The New Christianity, 1825).
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Concordat of 1801
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a reflection of an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status.
During the French Revolution, the National Assembly had confiscated Church properties and issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which made the Church a department of the State, removing it from the authority of the Pope. This caused hostility among the Vendeans towards the change in the relationship between the Catholic Church and the French government. Subsequent laws abolished the traditional Gregorian Calendar and Christian holidays. While the Concordat restored some ties to the papacy, it was largely in favor of the state; the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon Bonaparte's favour. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles. |
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Continental System
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The foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. It was inaugurated on November 21, 1806 and lasted until 1814. The Continental System was more or less a large embargo. In November 1806, having recently conquered or allied with every major power on the European continent, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding his allies and conquests from trading with the British. Ultimately the embargo failed. Its effect on the United Kingdom and on British trade is uncertain, but thought to be much less harmful than on the continental European states—although food imports in Britain dropped, and the price of staple foods rose.
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Russian Invasion 1812
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In 1812, when Napoleon I invaded Russia, Kutuzov was made a prince as well as commander-in-chief of the Russian army, relieving Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tolly of command after he failed to stop the invasion. He retreated before Napoleon to preserve his army, but Russian public pressure forced the inconclusive Battle of Borodino, near the village of the same name, about 110 km (about 70 mi) southwest of Moscow. Kutuzov lost half his army at Borodino. The Russian army withdrew, and the French entered Moscow. The populace had fled Moscow, and a great fire soon burned the city. The French army, facing an early winter and running low on supplies, began leaving Moscow in October. At the battle of Maloyaroslavets south of Moscow, Kutuzov blocked the French retreat along the easier southern route, forcing them to return along a path scorched by their own advance and destroying them without the need for another costly battle. Kutuzov pursued them into Poland, and then Prussia, where he died of disease at Bunzlau (present-day Bolesławice, Poland) in 1813.
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Franco-Prussian War
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Was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of the German Empire under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I. Often referred to in France as the 1870 War (19 July 1870-10 May 1871).
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Charles Fourier
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Was a French utopian socialist and philosopher. Fourier is credited by modern scholars with having originated the word féminisme in 1837;[1] as early as 1808, he had argued, in the Theory of the Four Movements, that the extension of the liberty of women was the general principle of all social progress, though he disdained any attachment to a discourse of 'equal rights'. Fourier inspired the founding of the communist community called La Reunion near present-day Dallas, Texas as well as several other communities within the United States of America, such as the North American Phalanx.
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Edwin Chadwick
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Was an English social reformer, noted for his work to reform the Poor Laws and improve sanitary conditions and public health. One of the reasons why Chadwick believed in improvement to public health was because he believed it would save money. He was born in Longsight, Manchester. Called to the bar without any independent means, he sought to support himself by literary work such as his work on 'Applied Science and its place in Democracy', and his essays in the Westminster Review (mainly on different methods of applying scientific knowledge to the practice of government) brought him to the notice of Jeremy Bentham, who engaged him as a literary assistant and left him a large legacy.
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Young Italy
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Was a political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. The goal of this movement was to create a united Italian republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire. Mazzini belief was that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy.[1]
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Estates General (Book)
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France's national legislative body that had not met since 1614. Landowners argued that convening the Estates General would provide them with guarantees against royal despotism, King Louis XVI resisted due to him not wanting to give up his right to make laws by his own authority. The deterioration of the government's financial condition finally forced the king to yield to the demands of the nobles and the increasingly hostile popular press and convene the Estates General. The meeting of the Estates General was set for May 1789, and during the months leading up to its opening public debates arose over how the delegates should vote. The Estates General consisted of representatives of the three orders or social groups that made up French society: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate.
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National Assembly (Book)
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Formed by the third estate due to King Louis XVI siding the nobles and the clergy on May 5, 1789.
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Public Health Act of 1875
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Was established in the United Kingdom to combat filthy urban living conditions, which caused various public health threats, the spreading of many diseases such as cholera and typhus. Reformers wanted to resolve sanitary problems, because sewage was flowing down the street daily, including the presence of sewage in living quarters. The act required all new residential construction to include running water and an internal drainage system. This act also led to the government prohibiting the construction of shoddy housing by building contractors.
Many factors delayed reform, however, such as the fact that to perform a clean up, the government would need money, and this would have to come from factory owners, who were not keen to pay, and this further delayed reform. But reformers eventually helped to counteract the government's laissez-faire attitude, and a public health act was introduced in 1875. |
