World Civ Flashcard 2

Front 1

Rome Origins Legendary

Back 1

Rombus & Remus: They grew together and were taken care of by a pack of wolves. These wolves teach them loyalness. When they are released into the real world Remus died for being cunning.

Front 2

Rome Origins Historic

Back 2

Etruscans: People of Northern Italy made up of Italians.
Magna Gracia: Greek colonies of the south
-adopted Greek alphabet; rome was founded thru etruscan empire; learn & adopt greek democracy due to Magna Gracia

Front 3

Rome Geography

Back 3

-fertile, very active fault lines, very strong trading collections due to geography
-nice country side geography allows them to unify
-paletine hills
-tigris river runs thru the city

Front 4

Paletine Hills

Back 4

natural barrier surrounding the city of Rome

Front 5

Roman Characteristics

Back 5

-very serious people
-pious (copy greeks)
-copy the greek religion, but replace the names of gods
-took business very seriously

Front 6

500 BCE

Back 6

Rome starts to explode & becomes so important that they are completely in control and the Etruscans no longer exist

Front 7

Roman Republic
500 BCE- 0 CE

Back 7

-First Major Political
-Romes Gov't Very Organized
-Tripartide Tradition

Front 8

Tripartide Tradition

Back 8

-Consule
-Nobility
-Assembly

Front 9

Consuls

Back 9

-Executive
-Rule over the imperium (gov't beuracacy)
-always two indvidual consul
-equal in power to each other it was done to protect democracy only allowed to serve for one year

Front 10

Consuls Advantages & Disadvantages

Back 10

Advantages
-fresh ideas coming in all the time
-prevent burn out
Disadvantages
-not a whole lot of follow thru ; to quick of a turn around
-disruptive

Front 11

Nobility

Back 11

-Senate
-Association of elected men that took discussion and set the policy/laws
-made up of men that were usually property owners & roman citizens
-senator was a life term
- consuls picked from the senate at large

Front 12

Censors

Back 12

-within the senate
-picked the consuls within the senate
-they were former consuls

Front 13

Suckoscant

Back 13

- by law to lay a hand on senate was punishable
-they were "untouchable" & to touch them was a religious sin & mortal crime

Front 14

Assembly

Back 14

-break down the different areas of rome to different political regions
-very complex ; many different groups
-men that were 18+ were allowed to be in it if elected

Front 15

Tribal Assembly

Back 15

-representation of everything; were able to sit in the senate chamber
-if any par
-not allowed to vote, debate or talk during senate chamber
-their purpose was to make sure that the plebian class was always represented

Front 16

Patrician Class

Back 16

-high blood, elite included the consuls & nobility

Front 17

Plebian Class

Back 17

-the common people, the majority

Front 18

Roman Expansion

Back 18

- not a good military apparatus; they used superior numbers
-diplomatic

Front 19

Roman Diplomacy

Back 19

-diplomatic solutions before military
1. "select alliances" : who can benefit me and why. They pick and choose. Their alliance has to help with army & their affairs
- Copied the Persians
- Take over North & Eastern portions very fast

Front 20

Carthage

Back 20

-established as phoenician colony & remains in Tunisia; controlled many portions of Spain, Cecily, Corsica Islands
- Punic Wars

Front 21

First Punic War
264 - 241 BCE

Back 21

-Rome gained alliance with Magna Gracia on the island of Cecily. Established a trading alliance
-Conflict: Who would control island of Cecily?
-Carthage attacks first, they attack the Magna Gracia. The Magna Gracia gives up everything & becomes an alliance of Rome
-Due to this the Greeks gives Rome all of their military secrets, technology, skill. The Romans win this war
-Sign a treaty, Rome gives up nothing, Carthage loses island of corsica, sardina, cecily.
-Rome now has international influence

Front 22

Second Punic War
218 - 202 BCE

Back 22

-Carthage begins the invasion; Romans expect Carthage to start from the bottom of Italy & go up
- Hannibal ( Carthaginean general ) takes army into spain & up and around (forming allies in Gual & growing his army) coming into Italy from the North thru the Alps.
-Citizens of Rome go to fortified cities; Cartheginians strip land of resources
-Rome tells armies in cicily to do direct attack on carthage; rome advertises
-Hannibal goes back to carthage. The Romans Win
-Rome takes away all of Carthage land except for 50 sq mile radius
- Carthage must start paying annual tributes

Front 23

Rome - Economic Problems

Back 23

- all of the people of the country side stay in cities because all their farms are gone. Collapse of economy
-starvation
-over crowded cities
-urban poor: "mob" of rome. Become never ending problem
-Latifunda: large scale agricultural plantation (people that stay at farms take over neighboring farms & gain wealth)
-for two generations the economy grew worse

Front 24

Third Punic Wars

Back 24

- political movement to make romans happy
-the carthinigans gather with allies & invade rome (sneak attack)
- Hannibal is captured, executed & killed
-Rome takes over Carthage & kills every man & boy; women taken back to Rome for slavery
-Romans burn down Carthage
-Carthage discovered in 1900's by archeologists

Front 25

Macedonian Wars

Back 25

- 3 Conflicts 215 - 168 BCE
- Provincia: Rome splits regions outside of itself into regional gov't.
- these governers have their own military powers and rule; try to make as much money as they can

Front 26

Crisis in the Republic
Problems

Back 26

1. economic
2. more territory (economic drain)
3. provincial appointments: nobody there to care; didnt have a quota of taxes to get
-political problems: roman law was oral an was operating on tradition
-traditional reform: some ppl want to keep tradition but some want a reform

Front 27

Gracchi Brothers

Back 27

Tiberius & Gaius
-rise to be consule, they are reformers & try to fix problems
1. land redistribution: try to get mob out of city & start working again
2. give out grain: one of the first examples of welfare, given out "as cost",
3. public works: building things, helps create new jobs
-refuse to leave office after a year, every leader after breaks tradition
-era of violence: traditions rising up with violence
-mob turns on brothers & kills Tiberius

Front 28

Political Generals

Back 28

1. Gaius Marius
2. Lucius Sulla
3. Pompey
4. Julius Caesar

Front 29

Gaius Marius
107 BCE

Back 29

-takes power on his own accord; lines his army infront of senate & says he wants to be consule
-serves 7 consecutive terms
-uses an army man for other consule
-creates professional standing army: equipped, supplied, and given wages by state; mob likes this

Front 30

Lucius Sulla

Back 30

-expanding Roman empire to Asia Minor (Turkey); getting good publicity - hears about problems with Marius - & leaves campaign in Turkey; stops by Athens & sacs their fortune
- takes over as consule, the second consule is a tradition

Front 31

Pompey

Back 31

-tries to gain power & constitutes civil war
-conquers selcuid empire; sollus army fights against him
-wins & rules roman empire for long time
-agrees with other empire that they could all share power as long as he is on top (first triumuerate)

Front 32

First Triumuerate
60 BCE - 43 BCE

Back 32

-Pompey
-Marcus Crassus
-Gaius Julius Caesar

Front 33

Marcus Crassus
First Triumuerate

Back 33

-fights to gain control of Middle East, wealthiest man of Roman empire
-puts down rebellion by slaves sparticus
-killed during a campaign in Middle East during 49 BCE

Front 34

Pompey
First Triumerate

Back 34

-49 BCE: decides to eliminate two consules & claims he will be the sole consule; signifies tyranny
-gets resolution passed thru Roman senate that said Caesar was a trader & using his money the wrong way
-he panics & flees to Egypt when Caesar crosses the Rubicon

Front 35

Gaius Julius Caesar
First Triumerate

Back 35

-one of most studied individuals
-subordinate of Pompey; campaigning to control Gaui (France)
-ambitious & risk taker, gifted military tactician
-arrested & brought back to Rome due to Pompeys resolution
-decides to rebel; and turns his army & invades Rome; begins civil war
-Caesar orders army to cross Rubicon River with red tunics

Front 36

After the Rubicon
Pompey vs Rubicon

Back 36

-Pompey flees to Alexandria & meets with Pharoh Cleopatra (has a way to fight Caesar in periphorous zones)
-Caesar delcares himself consule
-Caesar fights Pompey for 2 years; most being outside of Italy
-Caesar makes alliance with Cleopatra; Cleopatra has Pompey killed by guards.
-Cleopatra & Caesar have sexual relationship; produce Cesarian
-Caesar killed after a year, represented tyranny 44BCE

Front 37

The Ides of March

Back 37

-there had been an oracle that told Caesar to be careful of the ides of March
-after senate meeting, caesar is killed by being stabbed on March 15, 44

Front 38

Second Triumerate

Back 38

-supported Senate
1. Octavius: nephew of Caesar, heir (political)
2. Marc Antony: general that fought with Caesar, had been loyal; looked up to by army (military)
3. Lepidus: major supporter of Pompey, moved almost immediately
-intense between octavian & antony; cause another civil war

Front 39

Octavian vs. Marc Antony

Back 39

-Antony runs away to Rome & makes alliance with Cleopatra & they have lots of sex
-Battle of Actium
-Octavian becomes emperor of Roman empire

Front 40

Battle of Actium

Back 40

-took place in Adriatic Sea
-Marc Antony & Cleopatra lose
-Antony returns to Alexandra & commit suicide; Antony drinks poison, Cleopatra gets an "Asp" & it strikes her

Front 41

Octavion

Back 41

-no more political system
-moves slowly & deliberately ; forms relationships with senate
-senate gives him name of honor; Augustus Caesar
REFORMS
1. weaken senate; consule is changed to emperor
2. gets rid of balance of power; senate & assembly act as one; senate doesnt make laws
-order pensions for life for all troops
-takes a census: of people & resources; knows how much to tax
-patron of the arts
-public works
-creates worlds first police & fire dept ( prevents army from returning to rome )
-Civil Service System: weakens Senate control (take test before getting job)
-Practorian Guards: detachment of troops (200 people) responsible for protection of emperor, all of them were handpicked
-Dies in 14AD; lives during birth of christ

Front 42

Julio-Claudian Emperors

Back 42

-Tiberius Caesar
-Caliguia
-Claudius Caesar
-Nero

Front 43

Tiberius Caesar
-Julio-Claudian Emperors

Back 43

-related to Augustus by daughters
-great general; took over good portion of eastern europe
-never loved as much as Augustus; one of the practorian guards tries to assassinate him
-Jesus Christ is crusified in this time period

Front 44

Caligula
Julio-Claudian Emperors

Back 44

-Tiberius' grandson
-many people considered him to be next "Augustus"; very polite
-spends a lot of money on "beautification projects"
-comes down with disease & is a madman when he recovers
-bankrupted Rome by building & expanding his palae
-raped random women, liked deflowering virgins, his greatest love was his sister (commits suicide)
-incitatus: his horse; only thing he would confide in; seen as general, consul, priest
-41 CE, practorian guard assassinates him

Front 45

Claudius Caesar
Julio-Claudian Emperors

Back 45

-one of the most even tempered; nicest emperors
-to get support:
1. building projects
2. military campaign: conquers britain, London is founded
3. removes senators
-married badly, his wife poisons him by support from another lover

Front 46

Nero

Back 46

-exhibits some of the same family traits; might of had paranoia or depression
-economic recession due to high expansion; he is blamed for it
-building projects: theatres, some of old amphitheatres
-athletics: supports circus maximus (chariot races)
-his negative out did the positive
-enemy list: rounds up senators, generals, has them killed also mother and step brother
-christians: his number one enemies, blames for Rome's problems
-massive fire breaks out in rome believed to have started by where mob lives, buildings had wooden roots
-aftermath of fire was poorly managed - - he blamed christians
-commits suicide due to pressure in 68AD; no heirs

Front 47

Year of the 4 Emperors

Back 47

- from 68 AD - 69 AD
-there will be four different emperors in Rome
-time of great decay & chaos

Front 48

Flavian Emperors
Vespasian

Back 48

-first time that somebody that wasnt born in rome was emperor (italian)
-professional solider; plebian class
-senate of rome chooses him to be emperor, senate is once again regulated
-puts non-romans to senate (pens power base to empire)
-invades & completes the conquest of middle east & judiah
-initiates construction of roman collossium
-has two sons that take over reign & the line falls quickly

Front 49

Five Good Emperors

Back 49

1. Marcus Nerva
2. Trajan
3. Hadrian
4. Antoninus
5. Aurelius

Front 50

Marcus Nerva
Five Good Emperors

Back 50

-when appointed he is old in age & childless, senate appoints him in order to be able to keep power
-dies of natural causes
-deals with massive power struggles, was pushed around
-avoids civil war & chaos
-adopts a son shortly before he dies, appoints best roman general

Front 51

Trajan
Five Good Emperors

Back 51

-Most successful emperor
-Had a low b/s factor, military man
-continues expanding into scottland
-roman forum: romans building projects
-ushers in the best years of rome 98-180AD
-highly regarded

Front 52

Hadrian
Five Good Emperors

Back 52

- hand picked successor of Trajan
- codifies the law (writes it down)
- continues expansion on greatest extent to west to the Hadrian Wall ( fortification wall ) said Rome would go no further than Hadrian Wall
-Roman soldiers built homes behind wall
-creation of provincial armies: trains people from conquered territories the same way as roman armies

Front 53

Antoninus

Back 53

-creates new money
-does not want to break away from what Trajan & Hadrian did, remains status quo
-The Hadrian Wall is built
-Peaceful reign, dies of natural cause

Front 54

Marcus Aurelius
161 - 180 AD

Back 54

- his reign is the peak of the roman empire
- blamed for downfall
- spaniard
- non-conquered people tried to invade rome at its borders "barbarian invasions"
- dies of natural causes
- great philosopher; wrote The Meditation: what makes a good and adequate leaders
-his son takes control and ends the error of good emperors

Front 55

Barbarian Invasions

Back 55

-realize rome was too big to mantain and defend itself
-Aurelius tries to solve this with peace treaties (diplomacy) he gives resources and territory away. Allows refugees & barbarian to become part of Roman state

Front 56

The Meditation

Back 56

-written by Aurelius
-honor and maintain duty
-to maintain duty you must be servant of the people
-pacifism: against war

Front 57

The Downwards Slide
Commodus

Back 57

-Aurelius' son, nothing like his father, rotten, self-centered, thought he was never wrong, thought he was the living recarnation of Hercules
-massive plague: kills 7 to 9 million romans, 1/3 of population
- frontier problems still exist
-roman currency declines
- overcrowded cities causes romans to not have kids
- murdered by practorian guard

Front 58

The Macedonian Wars

Back 58

-Macedonia vs Seleucid
- established Roman Dominance over Greece

Front 59

Select Alliances

Back 59

-provided manpower for the Roman Army
-Allowed for transmission of culture and ideas
-Allowed Rome to conquer foreign territories

Front 60

Alexander The Great

Back 60

-defeats the persians
-development of a world state
-conquest of egypt

Front 61

Phillip II of Macedonia

Back 61

-established the Macedonian Empire
-Ending the massive turmoil on the Greek Peninsula
-Creating the first strong and consolidated state in the West

Front 62

Septimus Severus

Back 62

-Roman General
-In charge of North Africa; hears problems in rome and leaves Africa - goes to Rome & declares himself as emperor
-wants to save roman gov't / kills every practorian guard
-constitutes a period of great blood shed
-he & every other emperor till 270 was assasinated
-parts of rome are being lost

Front 63

Aurelion

Back 63

-restores order
-seize power in capital & gets rid of competitors
-gets military out of Rome and back to protecting border; Rome regains some territories

Front 64

Diocletian

Back 64

-splits Roman empire into 4 parts (tetrarchy)
- brings stability to gov't
- clear line of succession
-eliminates the senate
-creates govt offices (political/military)
-deals with economic problems, made jobs that are critical hereditary (leads to surfdom)
-tetriarchy falls part before he dies, split roman govt in half with 2 caesars
-western (rome & western europe), eastern (middle east & constantinople)
-western till 476
-eastern tilll 1456 - byzantine empire

Front 65

Why did Rome fall?

Back 65

-population loss
-barbarian invasions
-pax romana coming to end
-plague

Front 66

Visisoths

Back 66

-first people to successfully attack city of Rome
-from Balkan Peninsula
-conquered Bulgaria, Balkan, Greece

Front 67

Vandals

Back 67

-Gualic people (France)
-Souther Spain, N. Africa, City of Rome
-"Vandalism"

Front 68

Anglo Saxons

Back 68

Force Romans out of England

Front 69

Huns

Back 69

went across Europe (asian people) took over central europe

Front 70

Ostrosoths

Back 70

-Want to take over Rome itself, lead to final sacking of Rome
-capture, try & kill last Roman emperor & throw him over city walls
-beginning of black ages

Front 71

Byzantine Empire

Back 71

-"New Rome"
-Constantinople: capitol (Istanbul)
-Located in Turkey
-Set up like Rome (7 hills, replicas of buildings, river, ruled by emperors)
-Haga Sophia: built to be a christian church
-influenced by Romans, Greeks & Armenians
-Christian State

Front 72

Byzantine Empire
Emperors

Back 72

-direct representative of god
1. upkeep of law
2. creates law
3. supreme judge
4. allowed to select own successor
5. title of imperator
6. women would rise up & become empress
7. all civilian & military offices were in the palace in order to keep control
8. Eunuch: men living in palace had to remove male genitilia

Front 73

Byzantine Empire
Justinian

Back 73

-updates roman laws
-"the justinian code"
-all knowledge of ancients survive here

Front 74

War in the Byzantine Empire

Back 74

-for 1100 years
-3 middle eastern people converted to Islam: perisans, arabs, turkey
-serves as a buffer between islamic & muslim
-control egypts & seria
-last emperor is thrown over city walls

Front 75

Ancient Rome

Back 75

-male dominated
-relied upon slavery (like greeks)

Front 76

Role of Women

Back 76

-"trophy wifes"
-usually allowed to participate in activities
-complete control of household
-allowed to receive education
-practice birth control (herbal remedies, abortion, condoms, infanticide)
-women population much larger (gave ultimate power)

Front 77

Roman Culture vs Greek Culture

Back 77

-religion: Romans more spiritual
-gov't
-Romans believe in superstitous omens
-roman religion was a state mandate
-pompel brothel: go to this place & pick your favorite pic & thats what you would get

Front 78

Roman Engineering

Back 78

-invent the "dome" (Roman pantheon)
-perfect practice of using concrete
-series of Roman roads, drainage ditch in the middle of roads, first example of interstate
-system of sewers & running water (running faucets, flushing toilets, showers, etc)

Front 79

Astrology

Back 79

-chart the movements of the planet
-aware of 7 planets & sun/moon
-knew the earth rotated around sun

Front 80

Mystery Cult

Back 80

-rebellion started by church
-means for salvation
-secret socities, inducted thru initiation, dont publicize the organization

Front 81

Cult of Bacchus

Back 81

-"Please of the Flesh"
-Salvation comes from sex & alcohol
-escape problems of word

Front 82

Cult of Isis

Back 82

-part of pantheon of egyptian god "guardian of the underworld"
-Emphasized pleasure "rebirth"
-most made up of women

Front 83

Cult of Mithra

Back 83

-name for persian god Ahora Mazda
-Roman military
-represented duality
-had to pass thru 7 stages of initiation
-lots of hazing (baptized in bulls blood)
-well traveled & popular

Front 84

Jesus of Nazareth

Back 84

-Crusified 29-33 CE
-left no papers behind
-writings of him were written by disciples 40 years after
-part of Jewish Religion
-Rabbi (teacher)
-Caught & sentenced for treason to Romans

Front 85

The Jews & Roman Freedoms

Back 85

-King of Jewish people (Herod)
-Jewish exempt from Roman military because they might have to fight on Sabbath (Saturday)
-Only people that didnt have to worship Roman Gods
-Had own coins

Front 86

Christians

Back 86

-came after Jesus' crusification
-intimate relationship with God
-eternal life
-tight knit society
-overtime cross became symbol

Front 87

Paul

Back 87

-turned Christianity around, try to convert jews & genti (non-followers)
-est. Christian Sabbath (sunday)
-gets rid of circumcision rules/dietary rules
-executed in Nero's emperor term

Front 88

Constantine

Back 88

-within a year of rising to Roman throne
-had a convulsion
-passes "edict of milan" (religious plurality)
-didnt convert into christianity until his death bed

Front 89

Theodosius

Back 89

-made christianity offical state religion & outlawed old religion

Front 90

Islam
"submission to god"

Back 90

-muslim (individual who submits to God)
-Muhammad
-believe in Ala
-the god or part of god worshiped emphasized justice, mercy, "all knowing"
-believe in judgement day & after life
-five pillars
-622 is year one in their calendar

Front 91

Muhammad

Back 91

-founder of Islam
-born in Saudi Arabia in Mecca
-Mecca: major religion & trading center)
-Koran was written after his death, book of revelations of Muhammad
-could only speak & write Arabic
-claimed to be a prophet
-40 years old openly preaching & trying to convert individuals
-Koran: no order, spiritual guide book to daily living
-gives credence to Christians & jews

Front 92

Five Pillars of Islam

Back 92

-There is one god - Allah
- 5x daily pray towards Mecca
-Ramadan: sacred month of Muslims in September (celebrated when the Koran was presented to Allah) must fast & pray all day
-charity: give fits to poor
- Hajj: pilgrimage to the city of Mecca where they replicate Hegira "flight", Muhammad is forced to flee to Almedina

Front 93

Shiite

Back 93

must be directly related to Muhammad

Front 94

Sunnite

Back 94

-Doesnt have to be directly related (more tolerant)