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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The term referring to plants and animals modified by selective breeding so as to serve human needs is
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Domesticated
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The period beginning in 9000 BCE during which humans obtained food by raising crops and animals and continued to use tools primarily of stone, bone, and wood is called the
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Neolithic era
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The time period which humans used tools of stone bone and wood and obtained food by gathering and hunting ran roughly from 2500-900
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Paleoethic
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When crop raising is done with hand tools and human power
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Horticulture
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The differentiation of tasks by gender, age, training, status, or other social distinction is called
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Division of labor
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Members of the family Hominidae that contains humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are also known a
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Hominids
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A social system in which men have more power and access to resources than women and some men are dominant over other men is also known as
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patriarchy
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An economic system based on herding flocks of goats, sheep, cattle, or other animals is called
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Pastoralism
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A style of life in which people gain food by gathering plant products, trapping or catching small animals and birds, and hunting larger prey is also known as
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Foraging
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The idea that animals, plants, natural occurrences, and other parties of the physical world have spirits is called
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animism
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People of the prosperous city-states in what is now Lebanon who dominated trade through the Mediterranean and spread the letter alphabet were known as
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Phoenicians
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Belief in many deities is know as
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Polytheism
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Narrations of the achievements and sometimes the failures of heroes that embody a people’s or a nation’s conception of its own past. This type of writing first developed in ancient Sumeria and was called
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Epic Poems
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What is the term for Egyptian letter, including both ideograms and phonetic signs, written with a brush on papyrus sheets or on walls?
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Hieroglyphs
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Who was the leader of religious and political life in the old kingdom, who also commanded the wealth, the resources, and the people of Egypt?
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Pharaoh
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A large family of languages that includes English, most of the languages of modern Europe, greek, latin, Persian, hindi
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Indo-european language family
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A temple in the form of a step-pyramid built in the center of a Mesopotamian city to honor the gods was called
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Zigguarat
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What book preserved Egyptians’ ideas about death and the afterlife
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Book of the dead
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The wedge-shaped writing system that developed in Sumeria, the first writing system in the world is called
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Cuneiform
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What religion based on the teaching of Zoroaster and emphasized the individuals responsibility to choose between good and evil
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Zoroastrianism
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What is the Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups whose members interacted
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Caste system
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The dominant people in north India after the decline of the indus valley spoke an early form of Sanskrit and were called?
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Aryans
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Who were the priests of the Aryans who supported the growth of royal power in the return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status
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Brahmins
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What first Indian civilization was also known as the indus valley civilization
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Harappan
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What is the code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon beginning with “right conduct” and ending with “right contemplation”
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Eightfold Path
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What is the transmigration of souls by a continual process rebirth called
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Samsara
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What is the term for the tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individuals next life
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Karma
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What is the unchanging ultimate reality, according to the Upanishads
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Brahman
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What is the name for the earliest collection of Indian hymn, ritual texts, and philosophical treatises?
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Rigveda
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What is the name for the Buddha’s message that states (among other things) pain and suffering
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Four Noble Truths
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What is the system of writing in which each word is represented by a single symbol such as the Chinese script?
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Logographic
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The soil deposited by wind that is fertile and easy to work is called
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Loess
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One of the earliest Chinese books containing documents speeches and historical accounts about early Zhou rule is
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Book of documents
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What is another word for the Way, the whole natural order in Daoist philosophy?
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Dao
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In the lower ranks of Chinese aristocracy, these men could serve in either military of civil capacities
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Shi
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What term is a concept of complementary poles one of which represents the feminine dark, and receptive, and the other
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Yin and yang
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This is the earliest collection of Chinese poetry and it provide glimpses of what life was like in the early zhou dynasty
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Book of Songs
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A stylized animal face commonly seen in Chinese bronze is called
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Taotie
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The period of chinese history between 403 and 221 when states fought each other and one state after another was destroyed is known as
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Warring States Period
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The theory that Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people is known as
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Mandate of Heaven
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Name the powerful mechanical bow developed furthering the Warring state period
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Crossbow
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Which is one of the Shang dynasty capitals from which the Shang kings ruled for more than two countries
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Anyang
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The ultimate Confucian virtue is translated as perfect goodness , benevolence, humanity, himan-heartedness, and nobility
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Ren
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Who were the political theorists who emphasized the need for rigorous laws and laid the basis for Chinas later beu
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Legalists
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Revenant attitude of children
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Piety
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Megafaunal extinction
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The die off of large animals in many parts of the world caused by climate change and hunting
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Agricultural revolution
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Theromdramatic transformation in himan history resulting from the change from foraging to raising crops and animals is called
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Neanderthals
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The group of homo erecturs with brains as large as those modern humans that flourished in Europe and western Asia between 1500….are known as
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Shamans
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Spiritually adapt men and women who communicated with the unseen world are called
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Social hierarchies
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The divisions between rich and poor elites and common people have been a central feature of human
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Yahweh
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Who was the all-powerful god of the Hebrew people and the basis for the enduring religious traditions of Judaism
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Nirvana
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What is the state of blissful nothingness and freedom from reincarnation
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Sutras
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What were the written teaching of the Buddha, first transcribed in the second or first century B.C.E called
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Mahayana
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What is the “Great Vehicle” a tradition of Buddhism that aspiresto be more inclusive
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Buddhisttvas
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Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help other find the path to salvation
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Dharma
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The Sanskrit word for moral law central both
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CODE OF MANU
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What is the term for the codification of early Indian law that lays down family caste and commercial law
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Minoans
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Traded across the Mediterranean, lived on the island of Crete. Their king was Minos
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Mycenaeans
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Located on the Peloponnesus, southern part of the main land. Conquered the Minoans, have the same form Writing, Linear A and B
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Knossos
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Capital of the Minoans and is a great archeological dig site to see how they lived
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Polis
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Mainly Athens and Sparta, the polis was surrounded by the Cora. Protected by Hoplites. Athens was an early form of democracy, an oligarchy, and Sparta was a communist states, triene state
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Hoplites
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Soldiers and formation that is based on constantly moving forward and attacking with spears
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Democracy
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Government in which every citizen receives a vote
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Oligarchy
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Government that is ran by multiple kings, which is chosen by a senate or other form of governing body.
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Tyranny
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Dictatorship
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Draco
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Replaced the oral tradition with a written law. The law was incredibly harsh on the people, now known as Draconian law
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Solon
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Repealed most of the laws created by Draco.
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Delian league
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City-states of Greece that were lead by Athens eventually become controlled and had to pay tribute to Athens for protection.
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Mystery religious
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The main cult of the Greek empire.
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Epicureanism
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based upon the teachings of Epicurus, founded around 307 BC. His materialism led him to a general attack on superstition and divine intervention
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Stoicism
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Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions.
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Homer
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Wrote the epics of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Laid the foundation for the Greek epic.
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Consuls
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Elected to rule a 1 year term can be extended in time of criss, president of Rome
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Patricians
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Upper class of Rome, could become members of the senate
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Plebeians
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Middle class of Rome, were the merchants, were free but could not vote or hold power.
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Senate
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Elected for life and advices the Consul
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Paterfamilias
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Oldest male was in charge of the whole family
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Manumission
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The act of freeing a slave
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Pax Romana
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“Roman Peace” Time of peace in Rome when the city was not under attack and the empire grew the most
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Paul of Tarsus
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The apostle Paul from the bible
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Pagan
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Indigenous and historical polytheistic religious traditions—primarily those of cultures known to the classical world. In a wider sense, it has also been understood to include any non-Abrahamic folk and ethnic religion.
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Bishop
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Leader of a geographic region and group of churches in Catholicism. Lives within the cathedral
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Heresy
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Speaking out against the church
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Constantine
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First emperor to legalize Christianity in the Roman world. Was baptized
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Romulus and Remus
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Brothers, raised by wolves, Romulus killed Remus for the land that Rome was founded on. The main myth of how Rome was started
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First Triumvirate
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Caesar, Pompi, and Crocus. Caesar wins control from the other two and expands Rome to include Gaul Spain and N. Africa
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Second Triumvirate
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Octavian (Augustus), Marc Antony, and Lepidus. Octavian wins control from Marc Antony who alines himself with Cleopatra and Egypt. Doesn't make the mistakes that Caesar made and becomes the first emperor.
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Great Wall
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Built by the Han dynasty to keep out foreigners
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Confucian classics
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Confusion followers that used his to teachings to talk out against the government
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Records of the Grand Historian
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recounted Chinese history from the time of the Yellow Emperor until the authors time
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Silk Road
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Trading route between China and Rome, used mainly for silk
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Tributary system
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Areas that paid for protection from foreigner and even the Chinese government
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Eunuchs Men
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who had there testicles removed and were forced to serve the emperor.
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Age of division
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Time period were there 7 separate kingdoms within China
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Grand Canal
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Connected major rivers of the Chinese inland allowing for better trade and movement of people3
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Empress Wu
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Only female ruler to take the title of empress of China
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Chan
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School of Mahāyāna Buddhism notable for its emphasis on Dharma practice and meditation, and is a precursor to Zen Buddhism.
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Trung Sisters
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Viennese sisters that lead a revolt against China but failed and were killed.
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Shinto
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Original religion of Japan
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Nara
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First capital of Japan
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Corpus juris civilis
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"Body of Civil Law.” The Law Code of Justinian which was reformation of Roman law and the foundation of modern law
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Dioceses
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Geographically based and would have a cathedral
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Arianism
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Questioned the exact nature of Jesus and whether if he shared eternity with God the Father. Lead to the Nicene Creed
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Popes
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Leaders of the Roman Catholic church, supposed to be from Peter.
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Orthodox Church
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Church of the Eastern world after the
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Iconoclastic controversy
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Icons could be venerated, worshipped, as if it was Jesus, questioned weather would break the Ten Commandments. Were destroyed by Emperor Leo's decree. Lead to Political ramifications of who was more powerful the Pope or the Emperor, Pope seeks an alliance with the Franks caused the Great Schism
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Sacraments
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Rituals that are held to level of God by having them gives you grace
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Penance
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Prayers given by a Priest for forgiveness
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Wergeld
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Also known as "man price." If property was stolen, or someone was injured or killed, the guilty person would have to pay weregild as restitution to the victim's family or to the owner of the property.
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Treaty of Verdun
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Split Charlemagne Empire between his three grandsons and sets up modern Europe.
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Muhammad
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Family background- Orphaned raised by his uncle. Married Padija, who was from a wealthy family. No longer had to work with a caravan. Revelations- An angel from god, Allah, came to him and told him to preach these things
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Qur’an
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Islamic Holy book written by Muhammad.
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Caliph
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The highest ranking person in Islam. Is like the Pope in Islam.
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Hadith
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Stories about Muhammad and his followers that explain, their lives and the Qur'an
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Allah
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Arabic word for god. This is who Muhammad claimed his messenger Gabriel to give him the Qur’an.
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Sunna
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Became the law on how to live your life based on Muhammad's life.
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Five Pillars of Islam
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Shahada (The Creed: There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet) Must be done in front of officials, Salat (Prayers): 5 times a day facing Mecca, Sawm (Fasting), Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) Done by Muhammad and his followers, only if you can afford it, Zakat (Almsgiving)
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Mecca and Medina
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The two holies cities in Islam. Muhammad was from Mecca and went to Medina when he was rejected in Medina.
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Umma
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This is the break down of the tribes connecting people and the building of the community of believers, includes anyone of the faith
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Uthman
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focused on the economy, was a problem because he came from Mecca and his ancestors ran out Muhammad
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Ali
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His followers assassinated Uthman and he took control of leading the Islamic faith
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Imam
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Worship leader that does the “Call to Pray”
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Shi’a
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said that the Imam had the sole power to interrupt the Qur'an
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Sunnis
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the Uluma, a group of people, did
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Ulama
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Group that is made up of high ranking officials within Islam. They lead the Sunnis
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Emirs
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Usually considered high-ranking Sheikhs
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Shari’a
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The moral code behind Islamic law.
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Vizier
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Adopted by form the Persians to help the Caliphate
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Dhimmis
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People who practiced their own religion but paid a tax and recognize the government
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Cordoba
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Major Islamic city head quarter and cultural center in Africa.
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Madrasa
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Islamic education system in which the teachers selected their students. They are the teachers
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Sufism
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Individual religious interpretation, include Shaykhs and dervishes. Shaykhs were their leaders. Dervishes was a dance that lead to a trance, they spun around did the Sufi writings.
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Mozarabs
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Christians that adopted Muslim traditions but did not convert.
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Hamitic thesis
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Stated that Africa technology could not have been from them and that they were not intelligent enough to create it
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Bantu
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Nomadic group that came up with the first written language Africa that was used commonly for trade.
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Berbers
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Nomadic trading group that spread Islam through their trading within North Africa
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Ibn Battuta
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Known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla. Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands
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Mogadishu
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Founded to be a Muslim port now is the capital of Somalia, lead the slave trade.
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Ghana
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Soninke people, Koumbi Saleh was their capital which only diplomats lived in
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Mansa Musa
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Brought Islam to his people and built a mosque in Timbuktu, King of Mali
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Koumbi Saleh
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Ghanian capital which only diplomats lived in
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Timbuktu
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Political and cultural capital of Mali. Had one of the first Islamic Mosque
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Aksum
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was an important trading nation in the area which is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. Supposed home of the Queen of Sheba and the Ark of the Covenant.
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Ge’ez
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an ancient South Semitic language that originated in the northern region of Ethiopia and southern Eritrea in theHorn of Africa
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Swahili
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Names after a Bantu language but had strong Arabic influence
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Kilwa
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Most powerful city on the African coast, was on an island and was ruled by a sheik
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Great Zimbabwe
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Center for gold trade within Southern Africa.
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Mesoamerica
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Present day Mexico and Central America
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Wrote a book on Mesoamerica and it existence was published by the Madicies
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Khipu
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record keeping device for taxes in the Americas
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Norte Chico
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Ancient Native American mount site found in Peru
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Olmecs
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Agriculture and trade society that stored water in reservers and their religious structures no Class distinction
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Maya
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Staple crops were fruit trees which were planted in raised fields, done in order to save their crops from floods and provided transportation for trade. Religious rituals- Had a creation myth and how they looked at good and evil was in the book. Human Sacrifice was good. Math- First people to use the number zero, Astronomy and calendric development, Used a 30 day calendar and knew the patterns of the moon and stars
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Popul Vuh
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Historian book that survived the Spanish take over, even though it was almost destroyed. Know as the Book of Counsel.
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Teotihuacan
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Aztec culture, Zapotecan was the language. Had major religious centers for different gods. Had neighborhoods and different economic center areas. Farmers were outside the city. Was a week union of strong states, strong on their own but would backstab each other
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Cahokia
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Outside St. Louis, was a large city that had multiple mounds, highest point in Messo America
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Mississippian
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Cutural group that was found in Hohokam, Hopewell, and Cahokia
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Nahuatl
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a language or group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by an estimated 1.5 million Nahua people, most of whom live in Central Mexico
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Mexica
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The original name for Mexico given by the Spanish
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Macehualli
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The commoners of Mexica, the non-warrior or royalty class
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Tlalmaitl
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People who received land after their society been conquered for declaring allegiance to the Aztecs.
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Montezuma I
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the fifth Aztec emperor and king of Tenochtitlan. During his reign the Aztec Empire was consolidated, major expansion was undertaken and Tenochtitlan started becoming the dominant partner of the Aztec Triple Alliance.
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Tenochtitlan
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Population- 60,000 house, with Quarter million people, 5 million in the entire empire. Had canals that ran though it for water to get to different markets and the temple
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Moche
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Along Peru's northern coast, were very wealthy, multiple city states.
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Incas
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One of the largest groups of people. Capital was Cuzoo. Would force the conquered to assimilate. Conquered by Pizzaro during a small pox epidemic.
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Quechua
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is the name of a people of the central Andes of South America and their languages:
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Nomads
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People that are constantly moving following game or
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Steppe
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Geographical feature in south Russia, or Mongolia, that is a grassland that his an expanses without trees.
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Turks
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Culture group that is found south of Russia
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Yurts
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Mongolian tent that was quick to put up and take down great for Nomadic people
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Chinggis Khan
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Temujin- Was proclaimed as the great ruler of multiple tribes. Makes Mongol law and writes it down
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Marco Polo
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European trader allowed into China and wrote about their life style. Also a fun pool game.
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Khanates
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word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan
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Ogodei
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Chinggis' third son. In his conquest he made it to Poland
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Khubilai Khan
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Chinggis’ grandson. Went east and invade Japan.
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Tax-farming
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Done by the Mongols. Thought about turning N. China into pasture but choose to tax the farmers instead
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Tamerlane
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Turkish Nobel who attacked the Mongols in Persia and N. India, but copied their techniques thus leading to his defeat.
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Rashid al-Din
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Persian, translated Chinese works on medicine and state affairs into Arabic.
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William of Rubruck
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Christian that tried to convert the Khan, but failed
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Protected people
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Higher caste members in Hinduism, that the Muslims struggle to convert but would tax them and let them continue to practice Hinduism.
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Four varna
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Hindu caste system posistions. Brahmins: priests and scholars, Kshatriya: kings, governors and soldiers, Vaishyas: cattle herders, agriculturists, artisans and merchants, the Shudras: laborers and service providers
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Jati
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dialect of the Haryanvi language
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Sati
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a social funeral practice among some Indian communities in which a recently widowed woman would immolate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre.
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Sanskrit
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Ancient Indian language. The Vedas are written in this.
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Angkor Wat
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Hindu temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world
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Srivijaya
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Origination out of Sumatra, was an alliance that would only trade with each other. Decline came form the Chola invitation when the Chola captured the king but could not follow up in conquering the city. Were Theraveda Buddhism
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Dynastic cycle
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Theory that the dynasties go through a cycle of growth. Starts with their strengths and then at the end their decline
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Compass
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Developed during the Song dynasty to help ships
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General Taizu
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Elevated to become the emperor through his Military strengths. Made bureaucrats to help run everyday life.
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Scholar-official class
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Educated elite that serve the government and earned the role by passing the Civil Service Exam
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Examination system
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Civil Service Exam competitive writing exams that last 24 to 72 hours. Would keep them in closed areas to avoid cheater, gave them nothing. If passed with the highest score the gets the job. Had to interrupt Chinese poetry, had to learn about Chinese battles. Entry level test, to see if they could even take it. Providential level, given every 3 years, to see if you could work in the state. National test, given by the emperor. To see if you can work the highest levels
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Neo-Confucianism
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Revival of Confucianism to challenged the exam system. Also brought spirituality to the ability to be smart.
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Concubines
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Contractional arrangement to be a second wife, pretty much for sex. The children of her was on the same level as the first wife's but she is not. Only for the wealthy men.
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Foot Binding
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Done between 5 and 8. Done for beauty, and they pretty much destroy the women's foot by breaking it. Still happens but not as common.
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Cloistered government
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System of putting their children on the throne and use them as puppet to run the government
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Esoteric Buddhism
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Buddha's secrets for enlightenment can be known to all and you can benefit the whole world by following them.
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Shogun
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Wealthy landowner that employed Samurais
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Bushido
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Samurai code of conduct
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Zen
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Focused on meditation and unspeakable truths. Done to get enlightenment by finding the truths.
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Zhu Xi
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was a Song DynastyConfucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China
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The Tale of Genji
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a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period
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Vassal
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is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe
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Fief
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an estate of land, one held on condition of feudal service.
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Feudalism
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a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
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Manoralism
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an essential element of feudal society, was widely practiced in medieval western and parts of central Europe, and was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract.
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Serf
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an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.
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Domesday Book
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a manuscript that records the great survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086.
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Magna Carta
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Magna Carta was the first document forced onto a King of England by a group of his subjects, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rights.
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Pope Gregory VII
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Lead a reform of the Catholic chruch. His dispute with Henry IV affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals.
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Heresy
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any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs.
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Reconquista
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Christianity taking back Spain from Islam and Judism
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Chivalry
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Code of conduct for knights of how to do battle but also treat people when at home
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Commercial Interests
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Cities would have a market place for trading goods. Hanseatic League, was mercantile economic partners that traded amount partners, Had factories
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Craft Guilds
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were formed to regulate how many goods and the quality of them.
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Scholastics
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A person who would study and then teach (Professors in there time), They started lecturing.
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Gothic
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Architecture style that came about, meant to inspire awe (see Notre Dame)
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Joan of Arc
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French female leader, felt that she was called by God, was captured by the Burgundians
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Troubadour
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Poets and song writers that used lyric verses with a cultural mix
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Black Death
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Started by the "little ice age", Norther Europe could not produce enough food for the people, Bubonic plague happened in the middle of the "little ice age." Killed a third of the people but now had enough food, also the wage increase
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The Great Schism
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Lead to have two popes, One in France and one in Rome
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Renaissance
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cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in theLate Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Latin for Rebirth.
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Patronage
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Wealthy families that provide funds to artist to create their works of arts.
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Medici family
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funded the majority of the Renaissance, patrons
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Humanism
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Individual achievement, looked at the greatness of man and tried to display it.
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Christian Humanism
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Christian cultural mix, brought the modern ethics to humanism
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Johann Gutenberg
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Made moveable type printing press which made it possible to print any book. Allowed people to learn to read and read the Bible by themselves.
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Protestant reformation
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The breaking away from the Catholic church. Started by Martin Luther.
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Martin Luther
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Stated that justification came through faith, not what the church says to do.Also spoke against indulgences, church was trying sell more to build more cathedrals in Rome, and neglect the power. Ninety-five Theses posted to show the reform needed in the church was not meant to break from the Catholic.
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Indulgences
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Sold by the Catholic church to take years off of purgatory. Money was used to build churches in Rome.
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Diet of Worms
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Meeting in which the king of Germany made a Lutheranism a recognized religion. Further breaking from Catholicism.
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Protestants
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Non-Catholics, in Western Europe
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Predestination
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The idea was made popular John Calvin. The thought that God had already decided who was saved and who was not before they were born.
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Jesuits
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“Society of Jesus” Their purpose is to be missionaries within the Catholic church. Found by Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion.
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Huguenots
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French Protestants
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Politiques
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were those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else.
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Union of Utrecht
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a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain.
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