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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Charles 5
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He inherited Spain, Spain's American colonies, parts of Italy, & lands in Austria & the Netherlands. As the elected HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR, he ruled much of Gremany. CATHOLIC. Defended his country against the Ottoman Empire.
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Peace of Augsberg
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Allowed German princes to choose the religion for their territory.
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Phillip 2
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Charles' son who inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, & the American colonies. VERY RELIGOUS. Defended Catholism. Married queen Mary. Built a HUGE fleet. Spent lots of money on it.
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Reconquista
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A campaign to drive Muslims from Spain.
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Lepanto
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Battle in which Phillip defeats the Ottoman Empire in 1571.
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Spanish Armada
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A group sent to attempt to punish Protestant England & its queen, Elizabeth 1. About 200 ships. Phillip 2's fleet. (1588)
((reunification of Spain)) |
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The Escorial
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Phillip's gray granite palace, which had massive walls & huge gates that demostrated his power.
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El Greco
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Born in Crete. He spent much of his adult life in Spain. His real name was Domenikos Theotoko poulos. GREEK PAINTER.
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Diego Velazquez
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His paintings reflected the pride of the Spanish monarchy. Painted 50 yrs after El Greco, was the court painter to Phillip 4 of Spain. Best known for his potraits of the royal family & scenes of court life. Noted for using RICH COLORS.
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Don Quixote
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A comedic book written by MIGUEL DE CERVANTES in 1605. Often called the birth of modern European novel. About a poor Spanish Nobleman who went a little crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights.
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Inflation & taxes in Spain
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Inflation in Spain had 2 main causes. 1st, Spain's population had been growing. As more people demanded food & other goods, merchants were able to raise prices. 2nd, as silver bullion flooded the market, its value dropped. People needed more & more amounts of silver to buy stuff. Spain's nobles didn't have to pay taxes. The tax burden fell on the lower classes.
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Spain makes its enemies rich
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Spainards bought much of what they needed from France, England & the Netherlands. Spain's great wealth flowed into the pockets of foreigners, who were mostly Spain's enemies.
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Dutch Revolt
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The Dutch had little in common with their Spanish rulers. While Spain was Catholic, the Netherlands had many Calvinist congregations. Also Spain had sluggish economy, while the Dutch had a prosperous middle class.
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Phillip raised taxes
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In the Netherlands & took steps to crush Protestantism. In response, in 1566, angry Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches. Phillip then sent an army under the Spanish duke of Alva to punish rebels. On a single day in 1568, the duke executed 1500 protestants & suspected rebels. Continued to fight for 11 yrs. Finally in 1579, the 7 northern provinces of the Netherlands united and declared independence from Spain.
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Rembrandt
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The greatest Dutch artist of the period. Painted potraits of wealthy middle-class merchants. He also produced group portraits. THE NIGHT WATCH. Used sharp contrast of light and shadow. Has many self portraits.
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Jan Vermeer
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Fascinated with the effects of light & dark. He chose domestic, indoor settings for his portraits He often painted woman doing such familiar activities.
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Dutch Trading Empire
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The stability of the government allowed the Dutch people to concentrate on economic growth. The Dutch had the largest fleet of ships in the world-perhaps 4800 ships in 1636. The fleet helped the Dutch East India Company dominate the Asian spice trade & the Indian Ocean Trade. Founded Cape Town. BOERS. (Malacca)
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Absolute Monarchs
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Kings or queens who held all the power within their states' boundaries. Only answered to God, not subjects.
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Divine Right
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Absolute monarchs believed in this. The idea that God created the monarchy and that monarch acted as God's representative on earth.
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Reasons for powerful Monarchs
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The decline of feudalism, the rise of cities, & the growth of national kingdoms all helped to centralize authority. The growing middle class usually backed monarchs, because they also broke down, which opened the way for monarchs to assume even greater power.
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Catherine de Medici
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King Henry 2's wife. had 4 sons. She tried to preserve royal authority.
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Huguenots
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French protestants. Fought wars w/ Catholics, follower of Calvin. Most of Frances troubles. Largest group though france is catholic.
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St.Bartholomeu's Day Massacre
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Sparked a six-week nationwide slaughter of Huquenots. Massacre occured when many Huguenot nobles were in Paris. They were attending the marriage of Catherine's duaghter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre. Most of the nobles died, but Henry survived.
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Henry of Navarre
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Descended from popular medival king Louis 4. He was robust, ahtletic, & handsome. Became Henry 9 the 1st king of the Bourdon dynasty in France. CLEVER POLITISION. CONVERTS TO CATHLISM.
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Edict of Nantes
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A 1598, declaration in which the French King Henry IV promised that protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities. EXCEPT IN PARIS!
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Basically ruled for Louis 14. For several years was leader of Catholic churches. Devilest Politican.
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Montaigne
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Lived during the worst years of the French wars. He developed a new form of literature, THE ESSAY...
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Descartes
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French writer who was a brillant thinker. MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY. (how do you know that you exist?) Enlightment french thinker.
(Made modern geometry coordinates) |
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Louis 14
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Most powerful ruler in french history. Began his reign when he was only 4 years old. Weakenend power of nobles. Nobles would wait on him. Brought france to be very powerful.
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Cardinal Mazarin
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The true ruler of France was Richeieu's successor. Controlled french throne while Louis 14 was a child.
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Intendants
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A french govt. official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice. Nobles no longer did that, matching middle class wealth.
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Jean Baptiste Colbert
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Believed in the theory of merchantilism. Louis' minister of finance. Tried to make france self-sufficent. He gave govt funds and tax to benefit the french companies. To protect France's industries, he placed a high tariff on goods form other countries.
-Produce their own things. -Encourage french ppl to buy french things. -Colonize in places to make french money. |
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Louis Controls the nobility
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Having nobles at the palace increased royal authority in 2 ways. It made the nobility dependent on Louis. It also took them from their homes, thereby giving more power to the intendents.
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Moliere
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Writer. Wrote some of the funniest plays in French literature, such as the Tartuffe, which mocks religious hypocrisy.
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War of Spanish Succession
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several European powers combined to stop a member of the French royal House of Bourbon from ascending to the Spanish throne.
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Palace of Versailles
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Louis XIV's palace was proof of his absolute power.
Greatest palace ever built. Built outside the city of Paris |
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Thirty Years War
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A conflict over religion and territory for power among European ruling families.
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Peace of Westphalia
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Ended the war in Germany. Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria. France obtained German territory. Made German princes independent of the HOLY REMAN EMPEROR. New method of peace negotiation.
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Maria Theresa
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Charles VI's daughter who would be heir. She decreased the power of the nobility. Also limited the amount of labor the nobles coudl force peasants to do.
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Frederick The Great
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Loved music, philosophy, and poetry. Wasn't a military man. (Frederick II) Softened his father's laws. Encouraged religious toleration and legal system. Believed that a ruler should be like a father to his people.
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War of the Austrian Succession
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Frederick wanted the Austrian land of Silesia, which bordered Prussia. Silesia produced iron ore, textiles, and food products. Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides.
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The Seven Years' War
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A conlfict in Europe, NA, and India lasting from 1756 to 1763, in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Russia, and other countries. (Britain won, dominate India)
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Ivan the Terrible
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(Ivan IV) Came to the throne in 1533 when he was 3. His bad period began in 1560 when his wife Anatasia died. Accusing the boyars of poisoning her Ivan turned on them. He organized his own police force, which were to hunt down and kill anyone Ivan thought was a traitor. Killed his eldest son who was his heir...
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Boyars
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A landowning noble of Russia.
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Michael Romanov
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Czar. Grandnephew of Ivan the terribles' wife. Thus began the Romanov dynasty, which ruled Russia for 300 years.
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Peter the Great
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One of Russia's greatest reformers. Continued the trend of increasing the czar's power. Ruled with his half brother, until 1696 when he became sole ruler.
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Peter's reforms in Russia
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Although he believed Russia needed to change, he knew that many of his ppl disagreed. He brought the Orthodox church under state control. Abolished the office of patriarch, head of church. Set up a group called the Holy Synod to run the church under direction. Reduced the power of great landowners. He recruited men from lower-ranking families, and promoted then to positions of authority and rewarded them w/ grants of gold. Hired European officers, who drilled his soldiers in European tactics and weapons. Imposed heavy taxes for army.
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Elizabeth I
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Had frequent conflicts with parliament, b/c the treasury didn't have enough funds to pay her expenses this left a huge debt for her successor.
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James I
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Elizabeth's cousin. Already the king of Scotland, he became king of England in 1603. Now both Scotland and England shared a ruler.
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Charles I
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James' son. Always needed money b/c he was at war with both Spain and France. Signed the petition of right, but ignored it. Dissolved Parliament in 1629 and to get money he imposed all kinds of fees and fines on the English ppl. His pop. decreased year by year. BEHEADED.
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Petition of Right
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In this petition, the king agreed to 4 points:
He would not imprison subjects w/o due cause. Levy taxes. Soldiers in private homes. Impose martial law in peacetime. WAS FORCED TO SIGN IT. |
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English Civil War
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A conlfict lasting from 1642 to 1649 in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy.
((cavaliers vs roundhead)) |
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Cavaliers
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Those who remained loyal to Charle. England's monarchy
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Roundheads
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Puritan supporters of Parliament.
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Oliver Cromwell
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His new model army began defeating the cavaliers. Brought Charle's to trial for treason against Parliament. He abolished the monarchy and the house of lords. Established a commonwealth, a republican form of govt. Sent home remaining members of parliament.
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Puritan Morality
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Sought to reform society. Made laws that abolished activities they found sinful, such as the theater, sporting events, and dancing.
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Restoration
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The period of Charle's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's govt. Restored monarchy.
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Charle's II
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Holy Roman Emperor. King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration. (merry monarch)
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Habeas Corpus
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Law that gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge to specify the charges against the prisoner.
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James II
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Became king after Charle II's death. Offended his subjects by displaying his Catholicism. the last Stuart to be king of England and Ireland and Scotland; overthrown in 1688...
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Whigs
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Opposed James becoming king.
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Tories
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Supported James.
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Glorious Revolution
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The bloodless overthrow of King James II.
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William & Mary
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They consented to the Bill of Rights in 1689 and other limits on their royal powers.
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Constitutional Monarchy
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Where laws limited the ruler's power.
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Bill of Rights
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To make clear the limits of royal power. Drafted in 1689.
No suspending of Parliament's laws. Levying of taxes. Interfering w/ freedom of speech. Penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances. |
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Cabinet
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A group of govt. ministers, or officials.
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