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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In India, what creates a distinctive northern and southern differences?
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the central plateau
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when did the upper division in India develope?
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as early as the third millinium
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where did a sophisiticated culture flourish in India?
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along the northern river valleys
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what were the two great cities in India that fkourished along these river valleys
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Harappa and Marhenjo-Daro
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In India, what caused the division of different classes
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Harappa and Marhenjo-Daro
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How were the early Indian cities set up?
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in grid form
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What technology did the early Indians have?
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granaries, irrigation, pottery, metallurgy, baths, hospitilization, trade
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What seals were on traded Indian things?
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Sumarian seals
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What did the Indians trade the Greeks for?
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the cross and swatika
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What kind of language was spoken in southern India?
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dravidean language
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What could have caused the first ancient Indians disappear?
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environmental factors
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When did the Aryans enter Indai?
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about 1500 B.C.
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How did the Aryans get into India?
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the Kyber Pass
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What was the Aryans place fo origin?
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probably the Caucusus near the Caspian Sea
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Where did the Aryans go?
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west to Europe, east to India, east to Japan
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What language did the Aryans speak?
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Sanscrit
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What became the main language of India?
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Sanscrit
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What language today has many of he same words as the Sanscrit language?
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many European languages
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What type of people were the Aryans?
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warlike poeple
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What did the Aryans do to the Dravidians?
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enslaved them or drove them into southern India
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Where is the Dravidian language still sometimes spoken?
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southern India
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What language is sometimes used in northern India?
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Indo-European tounges
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Where did the Aryans make their home?
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nortern river valleys, Indus River Valley
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What was the region where the Aryans lived called?
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Sindu
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What religion did the Aryans create?
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Hindu
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What does the word Aryan mean?
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noble or rajah
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What social system did the Aryans create?
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The Varna System, srict
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What religion was The Varna System considered?
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Hindu
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Could someone change classes in The Varna System?
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no
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What did the Aryans believe in?
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reincarnation
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What were the four classes of The Varna System?
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priests
warriors merchants serfs |
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What was the fifth class?
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untouchables
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What happened if somebody touched an untouchable?
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they became an untouchable
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mouth
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priests
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arms
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warriors
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legs
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merchants
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feet
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serfs
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What was the Jati?
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a caste system
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What helped bind people in the Jati?
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dietary rules and a common occupation
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What was unlawful in the Jati system?
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intermarriage
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What was the Jati determined by?
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by birth and could not be altered by man
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What could alter the Jati System?
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regional differences and historical evolution
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What was a consequence of the Jati System?
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Tolerance
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What kind of society did the Jati make?
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a pluralistic society based on peaceful coexistance
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What kind of people were the Aryans?
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polytheistic people
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What were upanshishads?
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dealt with religious writings
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Why were the upanishads diverse?
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came from many sources
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What was Rig Veda?
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ancient collection of hymns handed down orally
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What does Atman mean?
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HIndu word for human soul
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What does the word Brahman mean?
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reality of the world
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What did illusions lead to?
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an endless cycle of rebirths
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What was death considered as?
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the stage between lives
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When did the cycle get released?
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when Atman is rejoined with Brahman, happens through a disciplined effort of meditation/ spiritual exercises
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What was the Law of Karma?
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fail to attain release
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What does the Karma bring forth?
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a reaction for every human action
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What does Karma insure?
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a person to remain on an everlasting cycle of rebirths
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How could the wicked retuen?
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in animal form or insect form
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How was the Law of Karma accepted?
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universally
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What was Janism
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religious doctrine came from a search for release, based on a doctrine of nonviolence and all things being animated
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What was Guatama Siddhartha?
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surpreme meditation to find release
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What was Gautama Siddhartha's story
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Buddha
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What was Gautama Siddhartha's solution?
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middle way
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What did Guatama Siddhartha say?
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one should avoid extremes and walk a middle path, without desires pain can be avoided
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When did the Mauryan Empire exist?
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321-181 BC
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In the Mauryan Empire, how many kingdoms arose out of tribes?
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sixteen kingdoms
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In the Mauryan Empire, what was the largest of the sixteen kingdoms?
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Magadhan
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Where was Magadhan located?
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Ganges Plain
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What empire lay to the west?
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Persian Empire
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Who reached Magadhan during his conquests?
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Alexander the Great
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Did Alexander the Great retreat when he attacked Magadhan?
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yes
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Where did the Mauryan Empire expand to?
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all of India except for the extreme south
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What did the Mauryan Empire contain?
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a complex administrative complex
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What did the emperor own in the Mauryan Empire?
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all the land
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How did farmers pay taxes in the Mauryan Empire?
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by giving 1/3 of their crops
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How was the water used paid for in the Mauryan Empire?
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by cultivators
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What was one tax that the merchants had to pay in the Mauryan Empire?
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foreign goods
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Who was the greates of all Indian emperors?
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Ashoka
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What did Ashoka convert to?
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Buddhism
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How did Ashoka promise to rule?
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Buddha's love and peace
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Where did Ashoka send missionaries?
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China and beyond to carry Buddhism
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What wer stupas and who built them?
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stne pillars honoring Buddha, Ashoka built them
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What did the stupa Sanchi honor?
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Buddha's first sermon
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What was each stupa inscribed with?
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an edict telling of new royal policies
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Who was Ashoka compared to?
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Emperor Constantine
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What did Ashoka have in common with Emperor Constanine?
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both showed religious toleration and allegiance to a great religion
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How did Ashoka consider himself?
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a universal ruler
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How many years after Ashoka's death did the empire crumble?
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fifty
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When did the Kashans enter India?
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180 BC
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Where did the Kashans come from?
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Central Asia
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How long did the Kashan Empire last?
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240 AD
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What religion did the Kashans adopt?
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BUddhism and developed a new Buddhist art
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What did the Kashans continue?
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the missionary work into East Asia
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What trdaitional religion of Hinduism was transformed?
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Vedic
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What was assembled?
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rich pantheon of gods and deities
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Who was the creator?
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Brama
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Who was the preserver?
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Vishnu
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Who was the destroyer and sometimes the creator?
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Siva
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What was part of the Hindu religion?
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Buddhism
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Where was the Gupta Empire located?
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Gangetic Plain
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What did the smaller kingdoms touched by the Guptas have to do?
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pay tribute
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Who was Chandra Gupta?
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most famous of the Gupta Empire, expanded the Gupta Empire
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Who was Fa Xian Hsien?
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Chinese monk that visited Gupta India and wrote of the prosperity and safety of the empire, and chariteis and house of medicine that he saw
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What else did Fa Xian Hsien write about?
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1. no animals were killed
2.no one drank intoxicating liquor 3. few ate onions or garlic |
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In the Gupta Empire, who used onions and garlic?
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wicked men
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What did the Gupta people do when the wicked men were approaching?
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alerted everyone
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How would the wicked men announce their arrival?
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strike pieces of wood
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What was the evidence of their prosperity?
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Gupta coins
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What did the government hold a monopoly in?
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salt and metal mines
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Who was the last of the great emperors of Gupta?
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Skandagupta
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What did Skandagupta do?
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held invasion of the Huns, had a great administrative officialdom
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When was the decline of the Gupta Empire?
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after Skandagupta's death
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What weakened the Gupta Empire?
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internal disputes over succession
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What was not in use to prevent the disputes?
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Primogeniture
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What attracted more Huns to attack the Gupta Empire?
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lack of a strong central government
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What was Gupta India noted for?
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its cultural brilliance
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Who was Kalidasa?
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period's greatest playwright
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What were tow areas of scientific advancement in Gupta?
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mathematics and astronomy
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What did the Gupta's develope?
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numbering system and decimal system
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Who got the Gupta numbering system later?
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the Arabs
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Where did the Europeans get the numbering system?
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the Arabs
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Who developed the value of pi in 499?
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an Indian astronomer, also formulated that the earth was round and rotates on an axis
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Who studied the moon?
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Galileo
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What else was studied?
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lunar eclipses
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What did the West think of these ideas?
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thought they were nonsense
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Who did extraordinary work in Buddhist sculpturing?
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Gupta artists
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When did India's wealth of wall murals date to?
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the Guptas
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Where were the rulers from that imported the culture of India?
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Southeast Asia
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What rose in Southeast Asia?
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Indian knowledge and Buddhist monuments
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What was Angor Wat?
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largest religious building in the world
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What was The Shang?
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first truly civilization in China
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What did The Shang have the ability to do?
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build protective wall surronding capital
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How big was the protective wall that The Shang built?
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2385 ft. long, 60 ft. wide, 30 ft. high
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How long did it take to build the protective wall?
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10,000 working 330 days a year for 18 years
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What was Angor Wat?
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largest religious building in the world
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What was The Shang?
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first truly civilization in China
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What did The Shang have the ability to do?
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build protective wall surronding capital
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How big was the protective wall that The Shang built?
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2385 ft. long, 60 ft. wide, 30 ft. high
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How long did it take to build the protective wall?
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10,000 working 330 days a year for 18 years
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What were found in the Shang tomgs?
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items to accompany the deceased
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What else was developed in the Shang Period?
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writing system
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What did this writing system contain?
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Chinese characters
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What were the early characters used for?
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inscribe oracle bones as divination
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What were the province of the wealthy?
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language skills
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What overcame provincial speaking?
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writing system
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