World Cities & Globalization Exam 2

Front 1

World City

Back 1

Refers to a small number of urban centers that dominate
the urban world and have become the command and
control points for global capitalism

Front 2

What distinguishes a world city from a regular city?

Back 2

by the range
and extent of their economic power

Front 3

developed world

Back 3

professionals who specialize in control functions vrs vast army of low-skilled workers


growth through immigration

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developing world

Back 4

small modern sector vs large “informal” sector
Social polarization
Reflects class polarization Inner-city ghettos, suburban squatter housing & ethnic working enclaves
GROWN THROUGH MIGRATION

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World CITIES have unimodal center

(Which is......)

Back 5

Huge metropolitan area that grow around a major business center

Front 6

World city REGIONS have polycentric structure

Back 6

Network of cities (medium & large cities) closely linked by efficient transportation & communication networks
Functions are distributed spatially among urban centers

Combine functionally into a unified economic entity

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Northwestern European city structure

Back 7

CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

Socio-economic status of residents increases as the distance from the central city grows

Front 8

Mediterranean city structure

Back 8

inverse concentric zone model

Elites concentrate in central areas near major transportation arteries; the poor live in inadequate
serviced parts of the periphery

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Eastern European cities

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sector model

Different income groups, socio-economic groups, ethnic groups congregate in sectors
radiating outward from the city center

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Characteristics of European Cities

Back 10

plazas or squares
complex street patterns
lively downtowns
high density
quiet skylines
scars of war
municipal socialism

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Core-Periphery Model is made up of

Back 11

the core region and peripheral cities

the core cities dominate at the expense of peripherals

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the Core Region

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dominates the urban system due to their natural & human resources, and
infrastructure advantages;

stretches from London to south of Germany

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the peripheral cities

Back 13

have limited potential for economic development

Front 14

The Blue Banana

Back 14

Refers to the curving urban corridor of modern industry and services; includes core cities such as London, Brussels, Frankfurt, and Zurich.

Front 15

Changes since the 1970's

Back 15

{ Fall of the Berlin wall
{ Demise of the Soviet Union
{ Formation of the European Union

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Impact of the Changes: A southeastward shift

2nd banana or a bunch of grapes?

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{ Some argue that the core has now shifted to the south & east
{ The shift of the core has intensified since the end of communism
{ The core still maintains its dominance (e.g. London & Paris still have historic importance in the
European urban landscape

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2 major winners – UK & France
Increasing importance of Southern Europe,

Spain & Italy – 2nd Banana?

Back 17

Major losers – Ruhr & Randstad
areas; Stockholm

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deindustrialization and counter-urbanization

(shifting blue banana)

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{ Many industrial areas in the core experienced deindustrialization while peripheral areas began to attract residents and businesses.

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Deindustrialization & metropolitan decentralization


(shifting blue banana)

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{ Corporations relocated labor intensive production from the core to lower-cost areas such as the urban areas of Southern Europe including Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, etc.

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Randstad, Holland

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Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague

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demographic changes in Europe

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-- Significant decline in birth rates across Europe
--Fall in household size due to rising divorce rates,
--survival of widowed partners & departure of younger people to higher education & careers

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Post-1960s:

{ Volume of incoming immigrants paralleled the business cycle

then what?

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Today
{ More than 20-25 million immigrants live in Europe
{ Mostly from Eastern Europe & North Africa
y Challenges –
{ Most European immigrants are low-income migrants and face housing problems
{ Lack of integration of many immigrants into the host society
{ Tend to concentrate few in cities – more than half the pop of Amsterdam is non-Dutch.
{ Live in poor quality suburban high rise apartment of in inner city enclaves left vacant by suburbanization of the indigenous population
{ Each enclave is dominated by a particular ethnic group.
{ Within each neighborhood, ethnic groups are highly segregated from each other and
especially from the local communit

Front 23

US and Canada are among most urbanized in the world

they are ___% urbanized

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81% urbanized

Front 24

North American cities are distinct by their

Back 24

o! Rectangular grids
o! Superimposed auto-choked highways
o! Suburban sprawl
o! Edge cities
o! Fragile downtown cores
o! Declining inner cities
o! High-rise buildings
o! New and persistent ethnic communities
o! Lifestyle neighborhoods

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Frontier Mercantilism

1790 - 1840

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•! Economy based on
agric & export of
staple products
•! Gateway cities
•! Along the Atlantic Coast; others in the
heart of North
America

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early industrial Capitalism

1885 - 1935

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Main factor –
transportation

•! Urban centers as
centers of wealth
creation
•! Urban growth based on
the factory system &
economies of scale
•! Growth of Atlantic Coast cities; urban
areas in the Midwest &
Great Lakes Region

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national industrial capitalism

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Main factor- Industry

!! East Coast continued
to grow, Midwest &
Lower Great Lakes
!!West Coast & the
South

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Third Urban Revolution

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!! Began in the mid-20th century
!! Marked by massive increase in urban population
(both absolute & relative terms)
!! Development of megacities
!! Growth of giant metropolitan regions
!! Global redistribution of economic activities as
former manufacturing cities decline and new
industrial cities emerge elsewhere

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Third Urban Revolution in North America

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!! Emergence of Northeastern megalopolis

o! Stretches from Washington DC through Baltimore, Philadelphia and New
York to Boston

!! Megalopolitan regions

o! Clustered networks of metro regions that either have pop of 10m+; the
comprise at least 2 contiguous metro areas
o! About 11 megalopolitan regions in the U.S

!! Global City Region

o! A city or network of cities in their regional context

Front 30

American cities in the World Economy

Back 30

!! Some occupy key strategic roles in the world
economy

!! Others have humbler and more transient roles

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Importance of American Cities

Back 31

World Cities - New York is North America's biggest

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regional command & control centers

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•! Have influence over large regions of the economy
•! Large concentrations of national & regional
headquarters of large corporations
•! Well-developed banking facilities
•! Dense networks of producer-services
•! Broad base of manufacturing activity
•! e.g. Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Dallas, Denver,
Houston,

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Dependent Centers

Back 33

•! Cities with distinctive niches in the global market
•! Generally are smaller cities
•! Examples include:

o! Resort/Retirement/Residential centers: Albuquerque, Fort Lauderdale, Las
Vegas, Orlando

o! Manufacturing centers: Buffalo, Chattanooga, Erie, Rockford; mostly in old
manufacturing belt

o! Industrial/Military centers: Huntsville, San Diego; mostly in South & West

o! Mining/Industrial centers: Duluth, MN; Charleston, WV

Front 34

impacts of globalization on american cities

(Key events/causes of U.S. urban restructuring)

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•! Embargo & increase in oil prices (1970s) "
economic crisis.
•! Global competition for markets; rise of economies
with cheaper labor advantages
•! Shift to new technologies !aging infrastructure of
old urban-industrial core
•! Corporate reorganization
•! Federal government retrenchment

Front 35

more impacts of globalization on american cities

Back 35

changes in employment structure

decentralization in economic activity

emergence of edge cities

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migration and increasing diversity

Back 36

•! Diversity as a measure of world city status o! One measure of world city status is the diversity of its residents – (e.g. New
York, London, etc.)

•! Hyperdiverse immigrant cities o! Cities where the percentage of foreign born residents exceeds the
national level and where immigrants come from many regions of the
world with no single country of origin dominating

•! Largest destination of immigrants
o! New York City, Toronto, Los Angeles

•! Benefits of immigration? o! Immigrants add to a city’s diversity and talent " increases the ability to
compete in a global age
o! Immigration is an important factor in determining urban population
growth

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why are major cities often the target of terrorists?

Back 37

o! Terrorists often target symbolic objects such as monuments, memorials,
landmark buildings, etc

Front 38

Soviet Era


1917-1989

Back 38

Post War Era
z Very grim economic situation

z Uneven regional & urban structure
– north more urbanized & industrialized than the
south & the west south & the west

z State socialism & central planning

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The Soviet Approach

Back 39

Based on Marxist theory
z One-Party State – The Communist Party

z State monopoly over ownership of means of
production (as a substitute for market-led
distribution)

z Planned development Planned development – state worked out state worked out detailed plans for the economy

z Class structure

z Nationalization of industry & transportation
z Collectivization of agriculture

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Soviet Approach Results

Back 40

----------- Economic
– Rapid industrial development (esp. heavy industry
&industries associated with the military)
– Low investments in other sectors (e.g. agriculture
& light industry)
------- Problems
– Wastage of resources
– Inefficient use of labor
– Poor quality goods

Front 41

political achievements of soviets

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– Superpower status (1917-1991)
– Cold War: For 4 decades, the perspectives and actions of
the Soviet Union became major determinant of world
events

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demise of the soviet union

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Economic decline: economic stagnation and decreasing Economic decline: economic stagnation and decreasing
growth rates in the 1970s and 1980s led to serious
economic conditions.
– The Military Cost of being a superpower:
z Military spending was consuming 20-25% of national budget

Front 43

urban planning during soviet period

Back 43

z Central planners allocated all investment
resources, made location decisions and set
national standards for urban development

z City governments and city residents had little
or no influence over local economic dev’t,
urban growth, & internal structures of cities

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Formal control mechanism to limit the growth of cities

Back 44

a Propiska - legal permission to live in a city

Front 45

Planning principles

Back 45

Restricting urban growth in order not to exceed the optimal city size
– Distributing consumer and cultural goods equitably to the pop
– Minimizing the journey to work and relying on public
transportation
– Segregating urban land uses

Front 46

western vs. soviet cities

Back 46

Western cities: location decisions are based on
market forces

– Soviet cities: land not bought or sold; land is
allocated for different purposes based on socialist
ideology and planning principles.

Front 47

Post- Soviet Era


(after 1989)

Back 47

z 1970s & 80s – economic stagnation
z Mikhail Gorbachev & Russia’s economic & political
reforms
– Glasnost (“openness”)
z Helped exposed the problems of the Soviet Union

– Demokratization (“democratization”)
z more people (from workers to managers) were to play a
bigger role in the economy

– Perestroika (“restructuring”)
z Institutional changes to allow the market to have some say
in determining prices

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post- soviet urban form

(introduction to market forces)

Back 48

z Emergence of single family houses have turned into
suburbs around the remaining multifamily high rises

z Development of suburbs

z Redevelopment of old factories, etc in historic city
cores for other uses

z Emergence of retail centers at each subway station
or transportation hub – where peddlers vend their
wares and urban malls have been built

Front 49

changes in urban structure

Back 49

new infill in city cores

suburbanization

slumification

Front 50

challenges for cities

Back 50

– Cuts in state subsidies
– Closing of Soviet military operations
– Re-orientation of trade routes have affected economic fortunes of some cities
– Closures of outdated plants in Soviet-supported industrial towns
-z Other social problems such as street beggars, crime, etc have also
appeared