Workings Of The Mind Exam 1

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Considered the founder of the discipline of psychology

1st Psych lab - 1879 in Leipzig, Germany

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William James

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(Grandfather of modern consciousness studies)

Instrumental in establishing psychology in the U.S.

Published critical text Principles of Psychology in 1890

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John Watson

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John Watson (1924) argued that psychologists, as scientists, should stick to studying observable behavior

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Sigmund Freud

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(altered conscious states)

Sigmund Freud focused on unconscious causes of behavior

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Carl Rogers and

Abraham Maslow

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2 key representatives of humanism or humanistic psychology.

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2 kinds of unconsciousness

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Unconscious

Precocious

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B.F.Skinner

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behaviorism was also championed by B.F. Skinner and dominated American psychology for nearly 50 years.

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Gestalt Psychology

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Founded by Max Werthimer, Koffka, Wolfgang

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Cognitive Science

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Science of the mind/ a science mental process

Computer Metaphor of the mind

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Functionalism

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Mental States are constituted by solely their function role.

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Limitations of Thought Sampling and EMS

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-Honesty
-Delay after beeper
-Reliability
-Multi Tasking

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Advantages of Thought Sampling and EMS

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-Quantify Subjective experiences

-Ecological validity

-Not retrospective data

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Thought Sampling

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-Quantitative

-Measures inner experience

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Experience Sampling Method

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-Quantitative

-Includes context of experience

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Descriptive Experience Sampling

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-Qualitative

-Describes inner experience

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Independent Variable (RS Reading)

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Manipulated Constant Variable
-Timing of beeper
-Questionnaires and rating scales

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Dependent variables (RS Reading)

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Variable that differs as a result of Independent Variable
-Ratings/answers
-Free Response

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Confounding Factors (RS Reading)

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Uncontrollable Variables
-independent variance
-varying environments
-honesty
-response time

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Organizational Encoding

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-Noticing Relationships between a series of themes

-Categorizing Info

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Storage

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Process of maintaining memories over time

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Types of storage

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-Sensory Storage
-Short Term Storage (STS)
-Long Term Storage (LTS)
-Anterograde Amnesia
-Retro Amnesia

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Sensory Storage (Sensory info is kept)

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-Iconic Memory: visual info

-Echoic Memory: auditory info

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Short Term Storage (Non sensory info is kept)

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-Working Memory: active maintenance of info

-Rehearsal: information must be periodically repeated or rehearsed

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Inability to x-fer new info from STS to LTS

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Retro Amnesia

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Inability to retrieve info that was acquired

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Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

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-Enhanced neural processing that results from strengthening of synaptic connections

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4 Lobes of Brain

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Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

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Our Brain

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-Lateralization
-Plasticity
-Specificity
-Broca's Area/ Wernick's Area

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Retrieval Cues (reinstating the past)

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External info that is associated with stored info and helps bring it to mind

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Encoding Specificity Principle

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Retrieval cues can serve as an effective reminder when processing info in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cue that will be available later.

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State Dependent Retrieval

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Info to better be recalled when a person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

ex. being high while studying and taking a test

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What part of the brain in being used when....

Recalling Info

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Hippocampal Region + Parts that process the sensory features of an experience.

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What part of the brain in being used when....

Trying to recall info

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Right Frontal lobe

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2 Forms of Memory

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Implicit Memory

Explicit Memory

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Implicit Memory

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the influence of our past experiences on later behavior and performance

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Explicit Memory

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is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information

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Procedural Memory

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-Part of Implicit Memory
-Motor and cognitive skills

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Priming

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-Part of Implicit Memory
-Enhanced identification of objects or words

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Semantic Memory

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-Part of Explicit Memory
-the memory of meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences

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Episodic Memory

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-Part of Explicit Memory
-is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual knowledge) that can be explicitly stated

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7 Sins of Memory (Failure)

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-Transience
-Absent Mindness
-Blocking (Failure to retrieve info stored)
-Memory Mis-Attribution (Confusing source of memory)
-Suggestibility (Incorporating misleading info into a memory)
-Bias
-Persistence (Recalling unwanted memories)