Work Metabolism Chapter 5, 6

Front 1

Define: anaerobic threshold

Back 1

-is an oxygen supply versus demand problem
-hypoxia versus hypoxemia
--Hypoxia deficiency in oxygen concentration (environmental)
--Hypoxemia insufficient oxygenation of the blood

Front 2

Define: Work Metabolism

Back 2

These processes/transformation of metabolism ultimately depend on biological oxidation

foodstuffs + O2 --> ATP + CO2 + H2O + Heat

Front 3

Define: Metabolism

Back 3

-Metabolism can be defined as the sum of all processes occurring in a living organism
-Metabolism involves all the chemical reactions of biological molecules within the body; which includes anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions
-is the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur with in a living cell or the ability to produce (ATP) and use energy
-Anabolism and catabolism

Front 4

Define: Anabolism

Back 4

-The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
-Building or endergonic

Front 5

Define: Catabolism

Back 5

-The energy-releasing process by which larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
-Braking apart or exergonic

Front 6

Define: energy and name the different types

Back 6

-energy is the capacity to do or perform work
-the six different types
1 chemical
2 mechanical
3 heat
4 light
5 electrical
6 nuclear

Front 7

State the 1st Law of Thermodynamics

Back 7

states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but reater is transformed form one from to another (conservation of Energy). We are interested in mechanical energy (human movement), Heat, and chemical

Front 8

Define: Metabolic pathways

Back 8

-A metabolic pathway is a series of chmical reactions whereby chemical transformations occur ending up in the formation of ATP. All metabolic pathways begin with an INITIAL SUBSTRATE, progresses through INTERMEDIATES, and ends with a FINAL PRODUCT

Front 9

What is the goal of the Metabolic pathway

Back 9

ATP is the goal for the final product

Front 10

How do we get energy out of the chemicals within our bodies

Back 10

Controlled chemical reactions:
1 glycolysis (CHO)
2 beta oxidation (Fats)
3 deamination / pyruvate alanine cycle (AA)
4 kreb's cycle / citric acid cycle (general reaction)
5 electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation (general reaction)

Front 11

What is the purpose of these metabolic pathways / chemical reactions

Back 11

To form a usable energy source (free energy) that can being used by cells. that usable energy form is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 12

what is free energy used for : Mechanical work

Back 12

muscular contraction, cellular movement , circulation, digestion

Front 13

what is free energy used for: Chemical Work

Back 13

Biosynthesis of cellular molecules, fuel storage, tissue building

Front 14

what is free energy used for: Transport work

Back 14

Concentrating chemicals in intracellular and extracellular fluids

Front 15

what is free energy used for: Heat production

Back 15

Temperature regulation

Front 16

what is free energy used for: Glandular work

Back 16

Secretions

Front 17

what is free energy used for: Nerve transmission

Back 17

Nerve impulse generation

Front 18

How are chemical reaction controlled in the body

Back 18

Enzymes and Substrates or substrates available

Front 19

Define: Enzymes

Back 19

Which lower the energy of activation - thereby enhancing chemical reactions. Enzymes - are made up of amino acids in a unique sequence (primary structure). Amino acids also form their secondary and tertiary structures.

-All enzymes are proteins; however not all proteins are enzymes

-=Amont of substrate or substrates available make enzymens work

Front 20

How do enzymes act as biological catalysts

Back 20

-Increases the rate of a chemical reaction
-is not changed during that reaction
-does not changes the nature of the reaction or final product

Front 21

Explane how pyruvate is different than lactate

Back 21

Pyruvate is
- 3 C, 3 O2, and 3 H

Lactate is
- 3 C, 3 O2, and 5 H

The two H came from NADH2 --> NAD (lactate dehydrogenase and enzymatic reaction)

Front 22

What are the high energy compounds in the body

Back 22

-NADH2 (indirect energy)
-FADH2 (indirect energy)
-ATP (direct energy)

Front 23

Where in the kreb's cycle does Citric acid happen

Back 23

enzymatic reaction 1

Front 24

Where in the kreb's cycle does cis-Aconite Acid happen

Back 24

enzymatic reaction 2

Front 25

Where in the kreb's cycle does Isocitric Acid happen

Back 25

enzymatic reaction 3

Front 26

Where in the kreb's cycle does alpha-Ketoglutaric acid happen

Back 26

enzymatic reaction 4

Front 27

Where in the kreb's cycle does Succinyl CoA happen

Back 27

enzymatic reaction 5

Front 28

Where in the kreb's cycle does Succinic acid happen

Back 28

enzymatic reaction 6

Front 29

Where in the kreb's cycle does Fumaric acid happen

Back 29

enzymatic reaction 7

Front 30

Where in the kreb's cycle does Malic acid happen

Back 30

enzymatic reaction 8

Front 31

Where in the kreb's cycle does Oxaloactic acid happen

Back 31

enzymatic reaction 9

Front 32

When do substrates come into the picture inside the matrix

Back 32

-Between E3 and E4 (substrate NAD)
-Between E4 and E5 (Substrate NAD)
-Between E5 and E6 (substrate ADP
-Between E7 and E8 (substrate FAD)
-Between E8 and E9 (substrate NAD)

Front 33

Explane the Kreb's cycle ATP production

Back 33

-3NADH2 --> ECT --> 1NADH2 --> 3ATP --> 9ATP

-1FADH2 --> ECT --> 1FADH2 --> 2ATP --> 2ATP

-1ATP

-total ATP's 12 from one Kreb cycle

Front 34

What is the fuel for the kreb's cycle

Back 34

Acetyl CoA

Front 35

How is Acetyl Co
A used in the Kreb's cycle

Back 35

it is catabolized (oxidized and decarboxylated)

Front 36

what is the end results of the Kreb's cycle

Back 36

-3 NADH2 molecules
-1 FADH2 molecules
-1 ATP
-2 CO2 molecules

A total of 12 ATP from direct and indirect ATP formation

Front 37

What is the principle function of the Kreb's cycle/Citric Acid cycle

Back 37

the principle function is to produce (H2) compounds

-4 H2 come from NADH2 AND FADH2

Front 38

What is the major energy yielding pathway inside the cel

Back 38

the electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation

Front 39

what is the job of electron transport chain and what is it's other name

Back 39

the job or general function is to convert H2 compounds into ATP

The other name is Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 40

What does the second law of thermodynamics state

Back 40

the transfer of potential energy in any spontaneous process always proceeds in a direction that decreases the capacity to preform work. The tendency of potential energy to degrade to kinetic energy of motion with a lower capacity for work (an increase in entropy)

Front 41

Enzymes names, define: Oxidoreductases and give an example

Back 41

Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions where the substrate oxidized is regarded as hydrogen or electron donor; includes dehydrogenases, oxidates, oxygenases, reductases, peroxidases, and hydroxylases

an example is lactate dehydrogenases

Front 42

Enzymes names, define: Transferases and give an example

Back 42

Catalyze the transfer of a group (for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group) form one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor) and include kinases, transcarboxylases, and transaminases

Example hexokinase

Front 43

Enzymes names, define: Hydrolases and give an example

Back 43

catalyze reactions that add water and include esterases, phosphatases, and peptidases

Example lipase

Front 44

Enzymes names, define: lyases and give an example

Back 44

Catalyxze reactions htat cleave C-C, C-O, and C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. they differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. Include synthases, deaminases, and decarboxylases

Example carbonic anhydrase

Front 45

Enzymes names, define: Isomerases and give an example

Back 45

Catalyze reactions that rearrange molecular structure and include isomerases and epimerases. These enzymes catalyze changes within one molecule

Example phosphoglycerate mutase

Front 46

Enzymes names, define: Ligases and give an example

Back 46

catalyze bond formation between two substrate monlecules with concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate

Example pyruvate carboxylase

Front 47

Explane the enzyme-substrate complex and the different steps

Back 47

-the splitting of chemical bodns forms a new product with new bonds. This frees the enzyme to act on additional substrates

Step 1: the active site of the enzyme and substrate line up to achieve a perfect fit, forming an enzyme-substrate complex

step 2: The enxyme catalyxes (greatly speeds up) the chemical reaction with the substrate.

Step 3: An end product forms, releasing the enzyme to act on another substrate