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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Digestion?
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The process of food particles being broken down into smaller particles so they can be absorbed
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Tube of digestive system?
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Alimentary Canal
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Two types of digestion?
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Chemical and Mechanical
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Chemical Digestion
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Chemical breakdown of large molecules through the use of enzymes. Carbs to glucose, protiens to amino acids, fats to fatty acids and glycerol
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Mechanical Digestion
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The physical breakdown of food through chewing or churning of the stomach so chemical digestion can occur
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Teeth sections (5)
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Molars (grind), wisdom teeth, premolars, canines (tear), incisors (cut)
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What surrounds teeth?
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enamel
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Describe a tooth
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Inside is pulp cavity which is living, a periodontal membrane surrounds tooth root in the gums, dentin is inbetween enamel and pulp cavity above the root line
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What is the function of the periodontal membrane?
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Surrounds roots and anchors them to the jawbone
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Salivary glands secretes what? How much a day?
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secrete a watery fluid (saliva) and salivary amylase, about 1 liter a day.
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Tongue
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Pushes food to the back of the mouth, contains sense organs for taste
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Parts of tongue
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front - sweet, left side - sour, right side - salty, back - bitter`
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What is they pharynx? What does it break off into?
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Back of the throat or mouth, into the trachea and espohagus
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Uvula
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A dangling projection prevents foods and liquids from entering your nose
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Epiglottis
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Covers the trachea and prevents food from going down it, its a flap of muscle
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Esophagus
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1 inch in diameter, 10 inches long, muscle surrounds it, mucus glands secrete into it
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Whats at the end of the esophagus and what does it do?
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The cardiac sphincter, its a circular muscle which keeps everything in your stomach. It opens so liquids can pour in.
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How much can the average stomach hold?
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2.5 pints
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What are the two main parts of the stomach? What are the two sphincters and there are they?
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The fundus (filled with air and gas), and the Pylorus. Cardiac is at top, pyloric is at bottom.
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What are the two main liquids in the stomach besides mucus? What do they do?
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Pepsinogen and Hcl makes pepsin which breaks down protiens, and gastric juice acts on protiens and breaks down carbs.
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What is semidigested food?
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Chyme
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What are the dementions and three main parts of the small intestin
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20 ft long and 1 inch in diameter, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
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Where do most ulcers occur?
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Duodenum
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What two ducts are found in the duodenum?
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Bile duct and pancreatic duct
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How many intestinal cells are lost daily?
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17 billion
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What is the valve between the small and large intestine?
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Ileocecal valve
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What are the dementions and parts of the large intestine?
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2.5 diameter, shorter, cecum, colon and rectum
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What is at the beginning of the cecum?
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appendix
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What leads to hemorrhoids?
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Arteries and veins getting enlarged in the rectum.
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Pancreas?
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Below the stomach, the second largest gland. It produces enzymes, absorbs water, salt, vitamins, produces insulin via the islets of langerhans
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Liver
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Largest organ of the body, weighs 3-4 pounds, 500 functions, produces bile, stores iron, vitamins, detoxifies blood and destroys old blood cells
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Gall Bladder
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Stores bile
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Salivary Amylase
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Produced - Salivary Glands
Breaks down - starch to maltose Occurs - mouth |
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Pepsin and Hcl (gastric juices)
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Produced - stomach
Breaks down - food protiens into amino acids occurs - stomach |
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Bile
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Produced - liver
Breaks down - large fats into smaller lipids Occurs - duodenum |
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Pancreatic amylase
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Produced - pancreas
Breaks down - carbs to simple sugars occurs - duodenum |
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pancreatic lipase
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Produced - pancreas
Breaks down - fats into fatty acid and glycerol occurs - duodenum |
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pancreatic proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin)
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Produced - pancreas
breaks down - protiens into aas occurs - duodenum |
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intestinal peptidases
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produced - small intestine
breaks down - protiens into aas occurs - small intestine |
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maltase
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produced - small intestine
breaks down - maltose into glucose occurs - small intestine |
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sucrase
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produced - small intestine
breaks down - sucrose into fructose and glucose occurs - small intestine |
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lactase
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produced - small intestine
breaks down - lactose into galactose and glucose occurs - small intestine |
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Another word for swallowing?
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peristalsis
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What is the process of breaking up lipids?
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emulsification
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What are the three types of respiration and what are they?
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External - CO2 and O2 go from atmosphere to lungs and to blood
Internal - Movement of CO2 and O2 to and from blood and body cells Cellular - Glucose broken down to produce energy |
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Nasal Cavity
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Filters and warms blood, and moistens air. Its made of bones and cartilage.
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Septal cartilage
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Divides nostrils
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Vibrissae
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Short stiff hairs that keep dirt insects out of your nose
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Mucus membranes function, how much daily
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inside nose, produce .5 liters of mucus daily. It catches dirt and bacteria which can be sent by cilia down the pharynx (swallow it)
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Olfactory epithelium
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top of the nasal cavity, gives sense of smell
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sinuses
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above eyes, left and right of nose. Air spaces in bones of scull. Produce sound and mucus
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nasopharynx
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tube leading from nasal cavity to pharynx
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eustachian tubes
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back of nose to ears. helps in balance
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adenoids and tonsils
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lymph tissue. screens out microorganisms
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Larynx. Structure? purpose? location? whats inside? what happens when you swallow?
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adams apple. connects the pharynx to the trachea. produces sound as air passes over pieces of cartilage. triangular shape - 4 pieces of cartilage. Inside, mucus and cilia. Its pulled up and forward when you swallow.
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Trachea. dementions? structure? whats inside?
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11 inches long, 2 cm in diameter. Walls have 16-20 rings of cartilage with gaps behind it. contains cilia and mucus.
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Bronchi. Structure? what does it branch off into?
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2 tubes, also contains rings of cartilage. branches off into bronchial tubes and bronchioles.
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whats at the end of each bronchiole?
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Aveoli, there are 300 million or so. they are clusters of air sacs, and a web of capillaries surround them.
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diaphram
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dome shaped muscle
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pleura
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Double membrane that surrounds lungs, its the outer membrane attached to the chest wall and inner membrane attached to the lungs, fluid between both.
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Surfacant
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A lipoprotien which cats and fils the inside of the lungs. a LIQUID.
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Oxygen exchange... everything about it!
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1) Blood is deoxygenated when it reaches the lungs
2) oxygen moves from outside, down tubes into lungs 3) oxygen diffuses from aveoli to cappilaries 4) Oxygen attaches to the heme group on the hemoglobin molecule (found on RBC's), making oxyhemoglobin 5) 4 Oxygens per Hemoglobin molecule 6) Process reverts itself when reaches a cell that is low in oxygen |
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Carbon Dioxide exchange... everything! What do buffers do in context?
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1) carbon dioxide diffuses from body cells to capillaries
2) Goes through the following reactions: co2 + Hb = carbaminohemoglobin (10% stays) co2 + H2O =(carbonic anhydrase)= H2CO3 (carbonic acid) (10-40 percent stays this way) H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3- (60 to 90 percent stays this way) Na+ + HCO3- = NaHCO3 Buffers in blood neutralize the hydrogen ions from these processes. |
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Kidney
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Filters blood
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Ureter
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Transports unrine to the bladder
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Bladder
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Holds urine
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Urethra
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Tube to outside
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Renal cortex and renal medulla
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Filter blood and produces urine
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Renal pelvis
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collects urine
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inner to outer order of things in the kidney
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renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal cortex
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