Woodpecker

Front 1

How are woodpeckers protected?

Back 1

By state and federal law

Front 2

How have woodpeckers been persecuted in the past?

Back 2

Talismans; sport; food

Front 3

Who used Woodpeckers as Talismans?

Back 3

The native americans

Front 4

Why are woodpeckers sometimes illegally hunted for sport?

Back 4

They are fairly large and fly slowly

Front 5

What do red-headed woodpeckers taste like?

Back 5

Audobon said they "smelled strongly of ants and other insects, making them scarcely edible"

Front 6

In the 1840's how many red-headed woodpeckers were shot off one cherry tree in one day?

Back 6

>100

Front 7

In 1897 how many red-headed woodpeckers were shot off one utility pole in one day?

Back 7

19

Front 8

What is one "private property fear" of landowners about woodpeckers?

Back 8

Red Cockaded Woodpeckers protection may limit timber harvest. "Red-headed" woodpeckers are often shot by mistake.

Front 9

What is the most important technique for woodpecker habitat management?

Back 9

Proper snag management

Front 10

What is a snag?

Back 10

A standing dead or dying tree

Front 11

How many species of birds use cavities (either as primary or secondary users)

Back 11

>85

Front 12

For decades into the 1970's what was snag management?

Back 12

Removing snags from national forests and private land holdings

Front 13

Timber sale contracts often required for a number of ___________ to be cut, and the contractor was given purchaser credit to do so.

Back 13

Snags

Front 14

Why were snags removed prior to 1970? (3)

Back 14

1) They were thought to be dangerous to workers/recreationists
2) Any standing wood was said to be "wasted"
3) They were thought to be "lightning rods" in fire protection plans

Front 15

Why did attitudes towards snags change in the 1970's?

Back 15

Research provided insight into their ecological importance.

Front 16

Why are woodpecker numbers declining?

Back 16

Habitat loss (loss of snags) due to the cutting of old growth forests

Front 17

What is proper snag management? (4)

Back 17

1) Do not remove naturally created snags
2) Minimize safety/sanitation cuts
3) Protect snags from prescribed fire
4) Create snags using various techniques

Front 18

How do you protect snags from prescribed fire?

Back 18

"Ring" bases of snags by removing fuel from around the base immediately prior to burns

Front 19

How do you create snags with prescibed fire?

Back 19

Burn in mixed pine-hardwood forests because of the susceptibility of hardwoods to fire.
Fire in some old growth forests can create snags as well

Front 20

What are two ways to create snags with herbicides? (2)

Back 20

1) Broadcast
2) Injectable

Front 21

How does short rotation pine management for pulp production effect woodpecker management? (2)

Back 21

1) The stands are too dense
2) The trees are not large enough for nesting, roosting, and foraging.

Front 22

What DBH is best for saw timber and Woodpecker management?

Back 22

12-24 DBH

Front 23

How is Saw timber management best for woodpeckers? (2)

Back 23

1) Stands are more open due to thinning, burning, and herbiciding.
2) Larger/older trees provide nesting, Roosting, foraging substrates.

Front 24

Why are hardwood trees important to woodpeckers?

Back 24

Many woodpeckers nest or forage in harwoods

Front 25

What are some characteristics of trees that are good for woodpeckers?

Back 25

1) Diverse
2) Older (10" DBH and above)

Front 26

What is the best way to provide quality hardwoods for woodpeckers? (2)

Back 26

1. Maintaining riparian/streamside management zones of hardwood species.
2. Maintaining mixed pine-hardwood sites, or pure harwood sites on upland areas.

Front 27

Where do woodpeckers live?

Back 27

The Americas, Africa, Eurasia, and southern Asia

Front 28

Where are woodpeckers missing from?

Back 28

Major Islands far from continents

Front 29

Where are the greatest numbers of woodpeckers found?

Back 29

The Neotropics

Front 30

Where are the neotropics?

Back 30

Lowland middle America, West Indies, South America

Front 31

Where do woodpecker originally seem to have originated from?

Back 31

The neotropics

Front 32

What and when did woodpeckers seem to arise from?

Back 32

Proto-barbet stock during the Tertiary Era.

Front 33

What ORDER do woodpeckers belong to?

Back 33

Piciformes

Front 34

What are woodpeckers highly adapted to?

Back 34

woodboring/gleaning/tree climbing

Front 35

What type of feet do woodpeckers have?

Back 35

Zygodactylous

Front 36

Which toe is missing in 3-toed woodpeckers?

Back 36

The first toe

Front 37

How are woodpeckers able to climb trees?

Back 37

They have a unique arrangement of thigh muscles

Front 38

How are woodpecker bill specialized

Back 38

They grow continuously

Front 39

Cryptically collored and sexes are alike, tail feathers are round and soft

Back 39

Wrynecks

Front 40

Bills are short, curved and pointed
Tongue is pointed, smooth w/o barbs

Back 40

Wrynecks

Front 41

Where do wrynecks live?

Back 41

Asia/Africa

Front 42

Passerine like locomotion and perching, yet with zygodactyly
Secondary Cavity Nesters
Nostrils Partially Covered by feathers

Back 42

Wrynecks

Front 43

Where do Piculets live?

Back 43

South America

Front 44

Gender differences on plummage and crown
Tails are pointed but not used as a prop

Back 44

Piculets

Front 45

Tongue is long and covered in bristles. Habits are woodpecker-like
Zygodactylous

Back 45

Piculets

Front 46

Primary Cavity Users
Drum to communicate
South America
Nostrils are covered by feathers

Back 46

Piculets

Front 47

Often sexually dichromatic
Tail feathers are still and used as a prop

Back 47

True Woodpeckers

Front 48

The bill is strait with a chisel-like tip
Tongue is long with a barbed tip

Back 48

True Woodpeckers

Front 49

Woodpecker flight/climbing behaviors
Zygodactylous
Excavates their own cavities
Nostrils covered with feathers
"Drumming" is conspicuous

Back 49

True Woodpeckers

Front 50

19th century term for poor, southern whites

Back 50

Peckerwood

Front 51

Use a wide variety of foraging methods including mast storage, frugivory, flycatching, and gleaning.
Rarely drill for subsurface insects in wood
Many species exhibit cooperative breeding or other complex social behaviors

Back 51

Melanerpine woodpeckers

Front 52

Foraging strategy typically sapsucking, but will take insects attracted to sap as well; also will glean insects from the bark

Back 52

Sphyrapicine Woodpeckers

Front 53

Black and white, brown and white, with the male often having a red or yellow "cockade"

Back 53

Picoides

Front 54

Found primarily in North America
Some species are three-toed
Bills are strait and chisel-shaped

Back 54

Picoides

Front 55

All species feed mainly on insects gleaned or dug from beneath the bark of trees
Some recent research indicates that this large group may eventually be separated into 3 distinct genera

Back 55

Picoides woodpeckers

Front 56

Which woodpecker genus can be divided into two groups?

Back 56

Colaptes

Front 57

Which subgroups can the genus Colaptes be divided into?(2)

Back 57

1) Subgenus Colaptes
2) Subgenus Chrysoptilus

Front 58

Subgenus of Colates that are more slender and ground dwilling species with usually one-colored topes of the heads. They eat ants and occur all over the America's except in polar regions

Back 58

Colaptes Colaptes

Front 59

The forest flickers that are a more arboreal species. Almost all of them have a red nape and a differently colored crown. They are found in South America and are primarily tree gleaners.

Back 59

Colaptes Chrysoptilus