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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Siti Musdah Mulia
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Indonesia, an official in the Ministry of Religion, wrote a counterpoint to Indonesia’s Islamic code arguing against child marriage, polygamy, also argued that interfaith marriage should be allowed and women should be able to initiate divorce. The Nahdatul Ulama (NU), largest Muslim organization in the world, supports her. Described as Islamic Feminist from Asia who challenges the government
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Yusuf Qaradawi
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“religious scholar cum Islamic televangelist,” hosts the Show Sharia and Life; he interprets Islam on issues such as sex and marriage. Maintains islamonline.net where he issues fatwas. He urges Muslims to engage with the modern world. He insists women must wear the veil and does not approve of women leading mixed congregations in prayer, but also believes in women’s rights to education and to participate in political affairs. Some referred to him as moderate women’s rights advocate. Connections with the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, asked to be their head figure but he declined
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Militarism
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Valorization of the warrior, conflicts typically settled by fighting, which also is expressed as the preference, one of the critiques in Sultana’s Dream, militarism caused by patriarchy
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burka
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should not be the big question of women and Islam, covers whole body with a space for eyes; used to justify United States invasion of Afghanistan b/c forced, some women see it is as a way to honor god because covering body so no one else is tempted-it should be a choice, more evil to wear it and take it off than to never wear it
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Muhammad Abduh
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faqih, religious sciences and student of most famous muslim reformer, al Afghani, mainstream movement and exiled many times when Britain in control-colonial hypocrisy. Focused on inner decay of Muslim society, criticized Muslims for letting their standards slip. For him, maslaha (social well being) meant justice for all; called for reforms of legal code and customs: reinterpretation to stay with the requirements to have maslaha in a modern period. Took Quranic values and applied them to the present, which would include women-an example is that he sees polygyny as oppressive in modern day. His critiques sounded similar to the critiques used to justify colonialism so many people reacted negatively
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Qasim Amin
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Egyptian, rich lawyer, offensive toward traditional Muslims, wrote The New Woman which called for an end to the seclusion of women, argued for education for everyone and said polygyny was not ideal-called for ijtihad of polygyny to better society and the family. Said the status of women is inseparably tied to the status of a nation. Also wrote Liberation of Women, and said women should be educated enough so that they can educate their children. Says women are equal before law and judgment, but their role is still different. He called Egyptians lazy and angers many people. (In my notes it says: despotism is against Islam). Called for the end of the “face veil” (p. 48). book Liberation of Women upset so many people that it helped launch the veil as a weapon against colonialism
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Aisha Abd al-Rahman
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Egyptian writer, pseudonym: Bint al-Shati, position as Egyptian Ministry of Education as an Inspector for teaching of Arabic literature, wrote fiction and biographies of early Muslim women, wrote about women related to Prophet Muhammad
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Huda Sha’rawi
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Egyptian feminist, born 1879. Founded Egyptian Feminist Union, worked to educate girls, end polygamy and veiling. Represented Egypt at many international women’s conferences, was more Western-influenced in her ideas. Famously stepped off a train in Egypt and took of her veil as a declaration of women’s autonomy
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gender jihad
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Islamic term for empowering women coined by South African activist Farid Esak, though Coleman credited Amina Wadud
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Mumtaz Ali
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wrote “the rights of women” 1898, wanted to discount all hadith and use only the quran as a source for gov/sharia (known as “destroyer of hadith”), too radical for Islam
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mudawana
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Moroccan family law during colonial gov’t, hadith-based interpretations which classified women as minors, takes precedent over current constitutional laws that grant women equal rights
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Amina Wadud
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invited to give khutba in a mosque, but a lot of people were offended and called her a tramp. Coleman credits her for the gender jihad. In 2005, she led prayer and caused a huge uproar-too “West-like”, Coleman points out this backlash is not helpful in progressing towards women’s rights
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Abdullahi al-Na`im
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reformist, law professor at Emory, little influence outside of America/reformist community, not representative of broad social movements, Sudani exile, progressive, didn’t have a lot of influence
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Zainah Anwar
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prominent writer and teacher of the Muslim Brotherhood and the founder of the Muslim Women’s Association. The daughter of an al-Azhar-educated independent religious teacher and cotton merchant, she was privately tutored in Islamic studies in the home in addition to attending public school through the secondary level, and she obtained certificated in hadith, preaching and Qur’anic exegesis
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Mawdudi
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One of the most influential and prolific contemporary Muslim thinkers. His interpretation of Islam has contributed to Islamic revivalist thought and has influenced Muslim thinkers and activists from Morocco to Indonesia. His ideas took shape mostly in South Asia. Founder of Jamaat-I Islami. In his works, he called Islam the ideal solution to all of society’s ills. he, in contrast with many other systems, did not allow one group to dominate another and called for an all-embracing order. Instrumental in regrouping the Muslim Brotherhood in the early 1960s. Imprisoned for his activities in 1965, he was sentenced to twenty-five years of hard labor but was released under Anwar el-Sadat 's presidency in 1971
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S. Syed Ahmed Kahn
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pioneered modern education for the Muslim community in India by founding the Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College, which later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University. Have to cooperate with the British to push for your rights, but contradicted the traditionalist view. Hated by the greater community. His work gave rise to a new generation of Muslim intellectuals and politicians who composed the Aligarh movement to secure the political future of Muslims of India. One of the most influential Muslim politicians of his time, Sir Syed was suspicious of the Indian independence movement and called upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Raj
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Farid Esack
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South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue. Has defined religious pluralism as the creation of an environment in which everyone is safe and free to be human and to serve God. Arguing against a vision of pluralism that creates a value-free post-modernity, he calls instead for a more consistent application of morality that asserts the right of every human being to experience justice and to be free from oppression and conflict. His vision of religious and social pluralism embraces all marginalized groups. He assigns a special role to Muslim intellectuals in this struggle, encouraging them to set aside arguments about how to sight the moon or slaughter a cow correctly in favor of working on important issues, like fighting tribalism and racism within the Muslim community. He’s the one who coined gender jihad. This vision of pluralism is more than functional or utilitarian; it embraces the theological legitimacy of other faiths based on the Qurʿānic proclamation of the single brotherhood of all people
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Fatima Mernissi
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Moroccan sociologist and writer. One of the best known Arab-Muslim feminists and she is recognized in her own country and abroad, especially in France. Writes on women’s issues regularly and discusses the legal status of women in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Her work explored the relationship between sexual ideology, gender identity, sociopolitical organization, and the status of women in Islam; her special focus, however, is Moroccan society and culture. As a feminist, her work represents an attempt to undermine the ideological and political systems that silence and oppress Muslim women. Grandmother of modern Islamic Feminism, born in 1940
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Khaled Abou el Fadl
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offered critiques on modern day fundamentalists and articulated a reading that emphasizes a rights-based discourse that is premised on Islamic values and the legal debates of Islamic jurists from the medieval era. e also received formal training in Islamic jurisprudence in Egypt and Kuwait. late 20th c. reformer, teaches at UCLA, degrees from Princeton and Yale, Azhar in law, supports women’s equal rights to lead prayer, vote, etc. But being based in the U.S., he does not have a lot of influence
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Tariq Ramadan
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Swiss theologian who advocates for the reinterpretation of Islamic texts. He believes in the reinterpretation of the Qur’an to understand Islamic philosophy better. He emphasizes the difference between religion and culture, which he believes are too often confused. He rejects the separation of people between dār al-islām and dār al-harb (the Islamic and non-Islamic realms), because these classifications are suspect according to the scriptures. Calls on believers to establish a new Islam in the West by engaging in local societies. He was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and was expelled from Egypt by Nasser. His grandfather is the founder of the Brotherhood
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zina
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Unlawful sexual intercourse; fornication or adultery. A criminal offense in Islamic law for which the Quran prescribes three possible punishments: stoning to death, whipping, or exile. It must be established by the testimony of four adult male witnesses of established character and integrity
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Heba Kotb
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a certified sex therapist and host of The Big Talk, a sexual advice show in Egypt. The first licensed sexologist in the country (from Maimonides University). She bases her methods on the teachings of the Qur’an which she says encourages strong marital life including healthy sexual relationships between husband and wife. She attended medical school at Cairo University and her inspiration to pursue a path in sexuality was based on a passage in the Qur’an discussing sexual relations between husbands and wives that she viewed as speaking to the women’s sexual rights
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Amr Khaled
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an Egyptian, Muslim activist and television--arguably the world’s most famous and influential Muslim television preacher. During the 2011 protests in Egypt, the Egyptian government ordered him out. He rejects extreme Islam and strongly denounces the actions of Osama Bin Laden. He announced that Arab Muslims want to live peacefully in coexistence with the west. He talks about using everyday actions to get closer to Allah such as honesty, humbleness and being polite. He also believes that for society to improve it must change from the bottom up--grassroots. He promotes community development in the Arabic and Muslim nation based on what he terms “faith based development” the idea that people should develop their communities and countries with faith as their motivator and guide
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Neda Agha Solatan
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She drew international attention after she was killed during the 2009 Iranian election protests. Her death was captured on video by bystanders and broadcast over the internet and it became a rallying point for the opposition. It is described as the most widely witnessed death in human history. Her name Neda means voice or divine message or calling and she has been referred to as the “voice of Iran” her death became iconic in the struggle of Iranian protesters against the disputed election of Ahmadinejad
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Muhammad Khatami
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an Iranian scholar, philosopher, Shiite theologian and reformist politician. Served as the fifth President of Iran from 1997-2005. Also served as Iran’s minister of culture in the 80s and 90s. He is currently one of the leaders of the Iranian Green Movement and an outspoken critic of Ahmadinejad. He ran for President on a platform of liberalization and reform. During his two terms as president, he advocated freedom of expression, tolerance, and civil society, constructive diplomatic relations with other states inclding those in Asia and the EU, and an economic policy that supported a free market and foreign investment. He is known for his proposal of Dialogue Among Civilizations--the UN then proclaimed the year 2001 as the year of dialogue among civilizations
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Shahla Sherkat
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a journalist, prominent Persian feminist author, and one of the pioneers of women’s rights movements in Iran. The founder and publisher of Zanan magazine (zanan=women) which focuses on the concerns of Iranian women-everything from reform politics to domestic abuse to sex. She is the most important Iranian women’s journalist after the Iranian revolution
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Ayatollah Sanei
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an Iranian scholar, renowned theologian, and Islamic philosopher. Has radical reform ideas and also serves as a Grand Marja of Shia Islam. Considered the successor of Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri as the spiritual leader of the opposition movement. He is fairly “liberal” is his beliefs ex: he believes women have equal status in Islam; he believes that non-Muslims (if religious) equally deserve to go to paradise; he declared suicide bombing as haram and a terrorist act.
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Benazir Bhutto
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a Pakistani born politician who chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) (the largest political party in Pakistan) She was Pakistan’s first and only female prime minster. Her time in office was scattered due to two instances that she was removed from office on grounds of alleged corruption. She went into self-imposed exile in Dubai in 1998. She returned to Pakistan in 2007 because she was granted amnesty and all corruption charges were withdrawn. She was assassinated on Dec 27, 2007 after a PPP rally and two weeks before the scheduled Pakistani general election of 2008 in which she was a leading opposition candidate
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Asma Jahangir
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a leading Pakistani lawyer, advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, President Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan and a human rights activist, who works both in Pakistan and internationally to prevent the persecution of religious minorities, women, and exploitation of children. She was the UN Special Reporter on Freedom of Religion or Belief from August 2004 to July 2010. Previously, she served as the UN Special Reporter on Extrajudicial, Arbitrary and Summary Executions. She is also chairperson of Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (first thing they recognize her as)
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Javid Ahmad Ghamidi
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a well-known Pakistani Muslim theologian, Quran scholar and mufasirrun, and educationist. He is a former member of the Jamaat-e-Islami. Ghamidi is the founder of Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences and its sister organization Danish Sara. He is a member of the Council of Islamic Ideology since January 28, 2006, a constitutional body responsible for giving legal advice on Islamic issues to the Pakistani Government and the Parliament. He also taught at the Civil Services Academy from 1980 until 1991
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Monir Amadi Qomi
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Started the Institute for Women’s Study and Research in Iran under Khomeini after sending him a letter, and he sent her $500. Her goal is to “sensitize society to the issues of women” At first, she was moved by Ayatollah Khomeini’s movement and the Revolution but then distraught at the lack of women’s rights after his government had been established.
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Faezeh Hashemi
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Female athlete and feminist. Iranian journalist, women rights activist, former member of Iranian parliament, and daughter of former Iranian President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. In 1993, she oversaw the first all-women Islamic games in Tehran. In the games, she respected and observed tradition: women were to wear headscarves even if they did not do so at home and no males were allowed in the events that women could not fully cover, such as swimming. Muslim women came from 24 different countries
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Mehranqiz Kar
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Prominent Iranian lawyer and human rights activist and author. One of the most celebrated activists in the history of women’s movements in Iran. Recognized as a Scholar at Risk through an international network of universities and colleges working to promote academic freedom and to defend the human rights of scholars worldwide. In 2002, Laura Bush gave her the National Endowment for Democracy's Democracy award
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Mohsen Kadivar
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He is one of the strongest proponents in the Islamic world for the need of ijtihad. Argues that Shari’a must be revised to fit the modern age, women should have financial and political rights equal to men, and can become presidents or high ranking officials if people elect them. Also should have equal rights in marriage, custody and divorce. He spent 17 years studying Islamic law in a seminary in Qom. Currently teaching in the US, has been in and out of jail for his views
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Nigar Ahmad
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Founded the Aurat Foundation in 1986 to promote women’s economic and political participation in Pakistan. She was raised in Lahore and still resides there. Tried to inspire Pakistan’s women with Leninsim in 1970s but unsuccessful so changed tactics and now uses Islam to channel her goals and get through to the women of Pakistan. Used to be v. secular
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Taha Hussein
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Blind author of Call of the Curlew who is credited with reviving Arabic literature. He championed Egyptian (vs. Arabic or Islamic) nationalism, and promoted education as a means for the cultural revivificaiton of Egypt
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Call of the Curlew
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Nontraditional interpretation of honor: Amina overcomes dedication to a traditional, honor-based revenge to find honor in forgiveness and love. Hussein presents a forgiveness- and love-based model of honor that is more in keeping with the Qur’ans teachings of tolerance, love and equality. Hussein empowers women in this book by giving them distinct and varied identities and the intelligence/agency/independence to realize that the problems they face cannot be blamed on men, women or religion, but arise out of deeply ingrained social traditions. Solution is to rise above them and act out of love.
Education equalizer for people of different backgrounds, genders and social standing. Industrialization and urbanization change social patterns from tribal power dynamics to those of a nuclear family |
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Sherene Razack
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Wrote “Geopolitics, Culture Clash and Gender After September 11.” Argues that western feminist provide justification for the war on terror through poor treatment of women in Muslim-dominant countries. Oppress women by colonializing their bodies through attempted forced Westernization. No attempt to gain cultural understanding or learn what the women they are trying to liberate want—western feminists assume they know what is best for them
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"hijab verse"
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The Quran has a number of references to hijab, none of which concerns women's clothing, but rather a spatial partition or curtain
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Leila Ahmed
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wrote A Border Passage: Explores issues of conflicting identities and navigating them to develop personal identity. Ahmed is motivated by a desire for self-discovery
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Women’s Islam vs. men’s Islam
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This is oral, peaceful, loving and of the family/home. This is, political, authoritarian.
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al-Tahtawi
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19th century, Egyptian, elite. Educated in Paris.
Huge proponent of education for both sexes as a way to better Egyptian society. He believed education was the first and most important tool with which to repair the country after colonialism. Wrote The Sincere Guide for the Education of Girls and Boys in 1873 |
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Shirin Ebadi
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Wrote Iran Awakening. Iranian lawyer, judge and human rights activist. Awarded Nobel Peace Prize. Throughout book, she cannot trust the government, but she never loses faith in justice and secular law. Believes in gender equality under the law and in personal relationships, but also happy to shoulder the traditional role of maintaining the home in her marriage. Doesn’t want religion in law, b/c too many dangerous interpretations of religion
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Led the 1979 Iranian Revolution to overthrow the Shah. Religious/authoritarian leader
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Riffat Hassan
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Pakistani-American theologian and a leading Islamic feminist scholar of the Qur'an. she was one of the first to accept the Islamic feminist label. Says the Qur'an is the "Magna Carta of human rights," prescribing human rights and equality for all, while the inequality of women in many Muslim societies today is due to cultural effects. "ethical criterion" that rejects the use of the Qu'ran to perpetrate injustice, because the God of Islam is just. Supports abortion rights and access to contraceptives for Muslim women, a review of Muslim jurisprudence indicates that abortion has been considered acceptable within the first 120 days of pregnancy. In February 1999, she founded The International Network for the Rights of Female Victims of Violence in Pakistan, which works against honor killings
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