Women In Asia - Midterm Exam

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Confucius

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Confucius (551–479 B.C.) was a Chinese philosopher and founder of the Confucian school of thought, which greatly influenced political and social life in China. Hundreds of millions of people still rely on Confucius's writings as a guide to living because they are able to relate to his teachings.Traveled state to state in hopes of creating harmony. (his students wrote the book of Analects- sayings and quotes)

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Confucianism

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is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.It focuses on human morality and right action. Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia. It might be considered a state religion of some East Asian countries, because of governmental promotion of Confucian values.

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Ren (characteristics of Confucianism)

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Humanity, Benevolence, Reciprocity- "How people should treat and interact with one another."

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Li(characteristics of Confucianism)

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Ritual. Propriety- 'The proper way to treat each person , in every relationship.'

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Rectification of names(characteristics of Confucianism)

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The need to fulfill your role -Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately.

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Filial Piety

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the responsibility of each person to respect their parents, obey them, take care of them as they age, advise parents, and of course to love them. - Complete obedience/ lifelong responsibility and to bring honor to your family (not dishonor)

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Neo-Confucianism

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Neo-Confucianism" is the name commonly applied to the revival of the various strands of Confucian philosophy and political culture that began in the middle of the 9th Century and reached new levels of intellectual and social creativity in the 11th Century/ Extreme Confucianism In many ways was this attempt to “get back to the source” in the classical Confucian texts

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Ancestor Worship

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A religious system based on reverence for specific ancestors and sometimes involving shrines, rituals, and sacrifice. (usually the oldest man-father, son- carries out the duty)

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Mourning Grades

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Determines how long and to what extent you 'mourn' an ancestor.
1st degree - 3 yrs
5th degree - 3 mths

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Patrilineal

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Descent traced through a line of men to a male ancestor.

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Patrilocal

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A cultural preference for a newly married couple to live near the husband’s parents or patrilineal relatives.

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Patriarchal

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relating to or characteristic of a culture in which men are the most powerful members( how women obey the men in their families-beginning w/ the eldest))

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Biographies of heroic women

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Written by Liu Xiang (79-8BC) - was a 'guidebook for women'

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Admonitions for women- 'Lessons for Women'

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Written by Ban Chao from imperial China (46-116) for her daughters- which listed the 7 obediences for women (humility, Husband/wife, respect&caution, Womanly qualifications, whole hearted devotions, Implicit obedience, Harmony w/ in laws)

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Three obediences

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Girl/ Woman is ALWAYS subordinate to a man....Beginning with father, husband, then son.

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Footbinding

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Began in the imperial court of china- also called the lilly foot- begins at age 5-7. 'No decent man would marry a girl unless her feet were bound. OUTLAWED in 1911

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Female infanticide

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Began during the imperial period- affected 5% of the girls.

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Bride price/ Dowry

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A dowry is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her new husband. Compare bride price, which is paid to the bride's parents, and dower, which is property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage. The same culture may simultaneously practice both dowry and bride price.

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7 outs and 3 no outs

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seven outs: barren-no sons, immoral conduct, neglect in laws, too talkative, theft, jealousy, incurable disease.
three NO outs: correctly mourned in laws, if his family became wealthy after marriage, and if she had NO home to return to(male relative)

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Concubines

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only one wife- but as many concubines as he could afford(romantic love) began in imperial china

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Ningbo Girls School

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began in Qing Dynasty of China - founded by a missionary in 1844- converted daughters to Christianity and for poor girls in return for food & housing

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Jinzheng Girls School

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Qing Dynasty of China- founded in 1898 by Shanghai Chinese reformers- was to educate women so that they could educate their sons to not be ignorant.

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Amoy Missionary Society for the suppression of footbinding.

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QWing dynasty of China- 1874 when a woman converts to Christianity , she must unwrap her feet. 1890's - Chinese reformers stopped it to discontinue he ridicule from the Westerners.

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Natural Foot Society

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Shanghai 1895- established by Chinese reformers - urges educations of footbinding & acts as a marriage register(marriage matches) - 1910 bound feet cannot attend school.

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Yangban

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Korea's 'Two Classes'- Top military positions which can only be obtained through heredity... Father/ Son and Uncle/ nephew

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Yi Dynasty (Choson)

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Korea 1392-1910 - period that closely modeled Chinas confucianism. Major difference is the importance of heredity in the elite classes. (china- one needs to pass a test)

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Koryo

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Korea 918-1310- Holds NO Confucianism ideas from China.
Bilateral Descent, Uxorilocal Residence, Plural marriages/ multiple wives, women could divorce man.

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Uxorilocal Residence

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(Koryo Korea) a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents, thus the female offspring of a mother remain living in (or near) the mother's house, thereby forming large clan-families, typically consisting of three or four generations living in the same place. (Yi Dynasty- changed to patrilocal residence)

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Plural Marriages/ Multiple wives

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Koryo Korea- Many girls were married to half brothers/ cousins, same father different mother. Men could have many wives and they all were treated equal(not by rank) and were visited on a rotating basis

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Register of Licentious women

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Koryo Korea- Women were put on this list - if divorced more then 3 times.

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Obok System

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Koryo Korea's 5 mourning grades- Mother and Father were mourned equally, maternal relatives were mourned longer, Son-in law mourned his in-laws and women had zero responsibility to mourn her in laws

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Primary Wife/ Primary Sons

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Yi Dynasty of Korea- took place after Confucianism- Man could only have 1 wife and needed to rank the others- only the primary wifes sons could claim the Yangban status.

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Secondary Wife/ Secondary Sons

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Yi Dynasty of Korea- secondary sons could NOT claim Yangban status, had NO inheritance, and the wife could NEVER claim primary wife status.

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Instructions for Women (Naehun)

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Yi Dynasty of Korea- written by mother of Koren King in 1475- guidebook listing the 4 basics: moral conducts, speech, appearance, and her tasks.

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Heian Period

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Japan 794-1185 : period when Queens could rule, loose ideas on marriage residences (you could choose which would benefit), gave women a higher status, Kana-'womens hand' writing language started, and men's writing was the Chinese characters.

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Tokugawa (Edo) Period

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Japan 1600-1868 - Greatest impact of (Neo)Confucianism on peoples. Everything changed: women no longer ruled/ emperor did. 3 obediences came into play for women, patrilocal residence was expected, 7 outs and 3 no outs adopted.

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Amaterasu

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Heian Japan - she was a sun goddess/ imperial family descends from a female deity.

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Kana

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Japanese Syllabary 'womens hand' - Set of 46 symbols used for writing poetry and literature.

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Tale of Genji

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Heian Japan (1010?) Worlds first novel - written by Lady Murasaki who was a lady in waiting serving: Focuses on the political and sexual intrigue within the court- focuses on the romantic life of Genji.

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Shogun (political structure)

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Edo period of Japan - 'Deputy of Emperor' (defacto leader of Japan) -dealt with the day-to-day running of japan.

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Daimyo (political structure)

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Edo Period of Japan - ' Feudal Lord/Warrior Chieftan' : Only the elite through heredity, 250 persons that control (taxes and governs) a portion of Japan.

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Samurai (political structure)

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Edo Period of Japan- 'Warrior Class' 'Professional Soldiers- elite through heredity that has a higerarchy, carries 2 swords.

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Bushido

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Edo Period of Japan - ' The way of the warrior' : Code of behavior and stresses the values of Confucianism.

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The Great Learning for Women

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Edo Period of Japan: Book written for every family the urges the behaviors for women: 3 obediences, guidelines for marriage, less talk, no Saki drinking, no lewd behavior, cannot go to temple until age 40, husband is master.

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Meiji Period

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Japan 1868-1912- Tokugawa system is overthrown. The leading men (the oligarchs-want to save japan) claim that they're restoring the emperors position in Japan. In order to prosper Japan must be Rich & Strong.

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'Good Wife, Wise Mother'

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Meiji Japan- principle slogan adopted from Meiji: Women need to be educated - because they are the future mothers of the 'Son' voters of Japan.

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Fundamental code of Education

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Meiji Japan (1872)- Japanese reformers established the code , so that they could control the curriculum. 54,000 elementary schools set up so there would be zero illiterate families. Began w/ a 4 yr and changed to 6 yr education

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Meiji Constitution

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(1889) Established 2 house legislatures. Only upper class men can vote- who own substantial amt of land(1.1% of population) - and defines that ONLY men can gain success to throne.

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Law on Associations and Meetings

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Meiji Period of Japan - 1890: Women are banned from political meetings and/ or joining organizations and parties.

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Security Police Law (police law)

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Meiji period of Japan: Article 5 law: Women are banned from political meetings and/ or joining organizations and parties. "women belong at home and their virtue should be preserved.

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Meiji Civil Code

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Became a law in 1898 : by leaders wanting to look modern while respecting traditional system. Stating marriages should be monogamous and should be a contract, husband chooses location, family of husband registers marriage. Divorce: No OUTS, divorce NEEDS mutual consent, mother loses rights to children, widows need permission from in laws to remarry.

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Meiji Civil Code - continued

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(1898) - gives woemn rights to inherit property- but her husband has complete control over inheritance & property. Adultery: for women its a criminal offense (2 yrs imprisonment) and men no offense if its an unmarried woman.

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Tomioka Mill

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Japan's oldest modern model silk reeling factory, established in 1872 by the government to introduce modern machine silk reeling from France and spread its technology in Japan. It is a big factory in the old city of Tomioka

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Yoshizawa Mill

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provided better nourishment, improved sleeping quarters, allowed regular exercise- as seen in Yoskizawa silk mill- who became famous for being a positive model and was thereby honored by the prefectural government…

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Law 270

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Meiji period japan- forbid labor organizations and strikes against the public peace.