Women And Music Final

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Clara Wieck Schumann

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Premier Fem Musician 19th Cent. Composer/Virtuoso Pianist

Married to psych damaged composer Robert Schumann

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The French Revolution

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1789-1799: the defining moment of western civilization

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The Industrial Revolution

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Transportation and production methods (music printing)

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Fanny Cäcillie Mendelssohn Hensel

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1805-1847: German pianist & composer, Jewish intelligentsia, grandfather= philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, brother= composer Felix Mendelssohn, organized & managed prominent salon in Berlin

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Johanna Kinkel

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Composer/poet/revolutionist, intelligent, extended music education, music talent, humor, some looked down upon her for overedu, married charismatic teacher

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Hausmusik (House Music)

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Music created specifically for performance at home; musical style catered to amateur tastes; associated with the domestic sphere, where women resided.

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German Lied

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Broad term for the genre that is a musical setting of a German poetic text. This genre encompasses all the other German song-forms: Volkslied (folksong); Kunstlied (art song); hausmusikalisches Lied (domestic/house song most usually composed by women); etc.

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Mahalia Jackson

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spent a lifetime singing the sacred songs that she loved. "The Queen of Gospel Song." The Vamp: Jackson is credited with this vocal style that consists of the soloist improvising, while the accompanist and instrumental group or choir repeat the same chord progression (ostinato).

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Bessie Smith

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the Empress of the Blues, whose songs were about the poverty, oppression, and unrequited love that she had experienced in her own life.

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Billie Holiday

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named “Lady Day” was an important jazz singer and songwriter in the late 1930s and 1940s, whose vocal technique was characterized by inventive phrase and tempo manipulation

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Josephine Baker

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Virtually, an instant hit, Josephine Baker became one of the best-known entertainers in both France and much of Europe. Her exotic, sensual act reinforced the creative images coming out of the Harlem Renaissance in America. During World War II Josephine Baker worked with the Red Cross, gathered intelligence for the French Resistance and entertained troops in Africa and the Middle East. Josephine Baker crusaded for racial equality, refusing to entertain in any club or theater that was not integrated, and thereby breaking the color bar at many establishments.

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The Black Exodus

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from the South to the North and West (from the country to city) occurred from the 1910s-1930s and from the 1940s to the 1960s. The millions of African-Americans who migrated had an enormous influence on composers and musicians.

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The Blues

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emerged at the end of the 19th century as an accessible form of self-expression in African-American communities of the United States from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues—a music genre based on the use of the blues chord progressions and the blue notes. Though several blues forms exist, the 12-bar blues chord progressions are the most frequently encountered. Blues is uniquely a genre of music, a musical style, a chord progression, and a form.

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Jazz

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America’s classical music. Jazz brings together the elements of Ragtime, marching band music, and the Blues. What makes Jazz different from the other earlier forms of music was the use of improvisation, its rhythmic complexity, and its more advanced harmonic language.

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Gospel Music

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genre originated in both black and white fundamentalist churches of the rural South; the most influential being the music of the black congregations. Gospel is characterized by rhythmic syncopation and note-bending, with a singing style derived from shouting, singing, and preaching. Piano was replaced by Hammond organ.

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Father Knows Best (1949-1960)

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an American radio and television comedy series which portrayed middle class family life in the Midwest and disseminated the virtue of the patriarchal family. It was created by writer Ed James in the 1940s.

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Redstockings Bitch Manifesto

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“Women are an oppressed class. Our oppression is total, affecting every facet of our lives. We are exploited as sex objects, breeders, domestic servants, and cheap labor. We are considered inferior beings, whose only purpose is to enhance men’s lives. Our humanity is denied. Our prescribed behavior is enforced by the threat of physical violence.”

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National Organization of Women

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grew quickly and became a big lobby for women’s rights in Congress, and the sponsor of the ERA, Equal Rights Amendment, which still hasn’t been ratified (35 out of the 38 needed as of 2008).