Womans

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Androcentrism

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the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of one's view of the world and its culture and history.

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Heteronormative

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Denoting or relating to a worldview that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation.

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Hegemonic/Hegemony

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influence or control over another country, a group of people.

Dominance. ruling or dominant in a political or social context.

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Patriarchal

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Of relating to or being patriarchal; Patriarchal: a man who controls a family, group, or government

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Matrilinial

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of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line.

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Matriarchal

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a family, group, or government controlled by a woman or a group of women

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Gender

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describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine.

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Sex

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refers to biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs.

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Imagined Communities

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Coined by Benedict Anderson. Socially constructed community imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group.

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Nation

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Collective identity associated with region/territory

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Bitch

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In literal terms it is a female dog. It is also a form of slang to described a woman who is aggressive, a freak, etc..The term references Africans with animals aka female dog...thus invokes a meaning that links unregulated sexuality with uncontrolled fertility.

Derogatory reference to women.

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Harlot

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Prostitute or promiscuous woman.

Latina stereotype; short-tempered; promiscuous; over-sexualized Latina; usually seen as going for the white man; passionate & dramatic

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Dragon Lady

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(the girl with the dragon tattoo) She’s a man-eater!!! Female counterpart of yellow peril. Dark, cold malicious force that uses sexuality to attain her selfish goals. Origin: dowager Empress Tzu-hsi after Boxer Rebellion.

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Lotus Bloosom

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Chinese prostitutes during CA Gold Rush to serve both Chinese and white men. Sexually compliant & submissive.

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Jezebel

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The seductive and attractive younger woman who lures men with her sexual charms.

Ex: Beyonce/ Rihanna

* usually in rap and hip hop music videos

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Sapphire

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aggressive and mouthy woman, i.e. RATCHET

The “Angry Black Woman” portrayed as having one hand on her hip, and the other hand wagging a finger in the air.

Overbearing, and known for berating their men and children

Rude, loud, and confrontational

Often overweight and the sidekick to a more beautiful black female character.

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All of the following myths illustrate how the ability to create has been captured by men except

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(THE EXCEPTION↓):

Serpents are a symbol of fertility/rebirth or a creative life force.

Rebirth, transformation, immortality and healing

Occasionally serpents and dragons are used interchangeably and both are associated with women

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The primary argument of Simone de Beauvoir's work, The Second Sex is:

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Men oppress women (women are the object/men are the subject). He is “essential, absolute, and transcendent”. She is “inessential, absolute, incomplete, and mutilated”. Women occupy the subordinate position which is why their “destiny” is granted to be that way. There is a history of men’s superiority in society; reflection of” attitudes, preconceptions, and injustices”

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What do mirror neurons do?

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They were first discovered in the 1990’s. Human ability to feel empathy (because of these). They are a type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action.

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The agricultural revolution produced which of the following effects

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* Women became subordinate to men during this time period. Their roles limited them to household work.

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Which of the following is false with regard to the way Pre-agriculture and early agricultural

societies viewed life:

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Pre-agriculture and early agriculture: (THESE ARE TRUE)

Life emerges from the body of a woman

It would have been natural to imagine a universe as a mother from whose womb all life emerges

Like cycles of vegetation, it returns after death to be born again (THE CIRCLE OF LIFE)

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Which of the following Issues concerning household and family is not included in the code of Hammurabi

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Hammurabi:

The first set of written laws; Penis looking thing

* These are included:
* sexual behavior

Front 23

Which of the following is considered True in Aeschylus’ “Euemides”

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Orestes killed his mother Clytemnestra, who had killed her husband, King Agamemnon, who had killed his daughter and Orestes’s sister, Iphigenia

Matricide was the worst crime ever

The killing of the mother

Orestes found a refuge and a solace at the new temple of Apollo in Delphi

Apollo declared that matricide was justified because she killed his father

Apollo declared: “The mother is no parent of that which is called child, but only a nurse of the new planted seed that grows. The parent is he who mounts.”

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Which of the following is false about the Greek goddess Athena?

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These are all TRUE

Gaia told Zeus his wife will give birth to a child that will replace him

Zeus ate his wife whole

Later Zeus had excruciating headaches

Athena then is born fully grown in armor from Zeus’ head

Athena represents father might

Athena denies having a mother-acts like a token woman

Athena is loyal only to “the man”as she doesn’t hesitate to announce

Athena is virginal and childless

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Which of the following is false with respect to the Canaanite goddess Asherah

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These are all TRUE

Wife of El

She is dangerous because:

word found 40 times in the Bible and everyone of those times it was described as something that must be destroyed.

some people think it’s a wooden stick or a pole because in Bible it could be planted, cut down, uprooted or burned

Canaanite tradition-symbols for Ashareh:

Tree of life

surrounded by serpents and must be destroyed or removed

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According to Benedict Anderson, a nation is all of the following except

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A nation is referred to as a collective identity associated with region or territory

a nation and the history of nationalism are intertwined with the idea of manhood and the history of manliness.

Its not to say that women don't have roles in the making and unmaking of the states: as a citizen, member of the nation, activists, leaders.

Nationalist scripts are written by men, for men, and about men.

These national dramas women are relegated to mainly supporting roles as mothers of the nation, vessels for reproducing the nations, agents inculcating national culture into new members, national housekeepers responsible for maintaining home and health for the nations men who are out and about on important official business- fighting wars,defending homelands, representing the nation abroad, manning the appearance of the state.

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National myths and propaganda have generally depicted women in all of the following ways except

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* Women served as reminders of the necessity of the fight and of the companionship that awaited soldiers upon their return.

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This Image depicts all of the following except (these images are all from the lectures) Americo Vespucci

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The picture is describing how men bore almost everything on their face and women only bore their ears. It was shameful for women to be lustful and cause the men to swell up to a huge size. The picture mainly shows a masculine man fully clothed, while the woman is fully naked on the hammock.

Represents the contrast of a “civilized Europe”, which is shown through Vespucci who is clothed and surrounded by paraphernalia of technology, with the image of “uncivilized Americans” which is seen through a native women who is naked, and surrounded by wild animals and cannibals.

This picture is meant to symbolize that Vespucci is the cultured traveler, while the Americas is the primitive, feminine, new world just waiting to be discovered.

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What is true of woman, according to Simone de Beauvoir?

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A woman ’s body is the site of this ambiguity, for she can use it as a vehicle for her freedom and feel oppressed by it

woman is always ‘other’ because the male is the ‘seer’: he is the subject and she the object – the meaning of what it is to be a woman is given by men

De Beauvoir argues that it is not the biological condition of women per se that constitutes a handicap: it is how a woman construes this condition which renders it positive or negative. None of the uniquely female experiences – the development of female sex organs, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause – have a meaning in themselves; but in a hostile or oppressive society they can come to take on the meaning of being a burden and disadvantage, as women come to accept the meanings a patriarchal society accords them

The female body is such a nuisance, a pain, an embarrassment, a problem to deal with, ugly, awkward, and so on. Even if a girl tries to forget that she has a female body, society will soon remind her.

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Out of 1426 names mentioned in the Bible, how many were women?

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Only 111 names

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Under Roman Law what kind of crime was rape considered?

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Under roman law rape was considered a “heroic” crime, it was a crime of stealing property included thefts of all kinds, it was called ‘Raptus’ and it meant “carrying off by force.”

“Reconciliation of Sabine’s,” showed that victimization and rape were considered necessary in order to claim the land of rome. Roman law did not view the crime from the women’s point of view, but rather a crime against the woman's husband or father

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How is military and sexual conquests linked in these stories and art?

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They assimilate forcing a woman to sexually submit in order to dominating one’s subjects politically and conquering them.

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Which of the following is not true with respect to Mythological rape?

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Was seen as a heroic, justified act

The “truths” about mythological rape:

early modern depictions [MYTHOLOGICAL] signaled

→ divine power (rule over rome)

→ ancestry

→ passion (women taken by males; notion of sexuality)

→ fantasy of princely rulers in early modern Europe

b. mythological rape allowed princely elites to show political power as

→ benevolent

→ sacred force bringing concord and fertility to the universe

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How do art historians discuss "heroic" rape?

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Women poets sympathized with the victims

Construct rapists as deprived sex maniacs

Words most commonly used to describe the time:

“abduction; amorous advances ; pursuit; love; seduction”

→ do not accurately describe relationships at the time (aggressor and victim)

Terrified women filled with fear

Glorify artists as creative genius’s

Avoidant of the subject

Accept the classical idea that rape is considered theft of property

Depict the women as willing

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What is the percentage of births by midwives in the U.S. versus in Europe and Japan

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less than 8% of child births by midwives in the U.S.

70% of child births by midwives in Europe & Japan

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All of the following are true about shifts from midwives to hospital births come about except:

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* Midwives were portrayed as dirty and uneducated where hospitals were clean and the doctors were highly educated.

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According to Benedict Anderson which of the following led to national consciousness

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* Capitalism helped to make the concept of nation popular

Front 38

All of the reasons are reasons for the sharp increase in cesarean sections over vaginal birth except:

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*

Front 39

What does Nagel mean when she says, "the notion and history of nationalism are intertwined with the idea of manhood and the history of manliness"?

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Most national scripts are written by men, for men and about men. Though women are expected to obtain certain roles, it is mostly the supporting ones.

They are seen as mothers of the nation, those who reproduce for the nation, those who instill their nations and cultures beliefs and practices, and as those who maintain a stable home environment for the men in their lives who work toward and for a solid nation.

Men are usually considered as the citizens who defend their nation's freedom, honor, and women.



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According to the reading what are the meanings associated with the word, "freak?"

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Under colonialism- People began to associate West African people with wild sexual practices because they were close and familiar w/ how wild animals reproduced in an uncivilized and violent environment.

Western sciences and politics- Considered Black behavior as “hyper-heterosexual deviance”. They used black behavior to help shape White norms.

Entertainment- Freak was used to describe those that weren’t considered to be normal. Circuses and sideshows used freak shows to present “freaks of nature,” such as hairy women, giants, midgets, and the like.

The term freak also describes promiscuous sexual behavior that was once only related to African Americans, but has now been used to describe lewd sex in more general terms. Bringing such movement to the dance floor has also been described as “freaky”.

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Images of working class black women in the media in Reagan/Bush were all of the following except:

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"Bad Black Mothers" are those who are abusive (extremely bitchy) and/or who neglect their children either in utero or afterward. They are stigmatized as being inappropriately feminine because they reject the gender ideology associated with the American family ideal. Also they are often single mothers who live in poverty, often young, and they rely on values to their children who turn are more likely to become criminals and unwed teenaged mothers.

"Crack mother" whose selfishness and criminality punished the baby in the womb by using crack cocaine while pregnant.

"Welfare Queens" are those "black mothers" who primarily garnered support for refusing state suppport for poor and working-class Black mothers and children. They were depicted as stay-at-home moms who were "lazy."

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Which of the following is not one of the three main themes of black women in the media?

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The 3 main themes ARE:

* Known for berating their men & kids

Front 43

In what can be phrased the State-Media-Industrial Complex; Harry Anslinger, the first Director of the Bureau of Narcotics, had close ties to all except:

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* Andrew Mellon (Sec. of Treasury and owner of Mellon Bank)

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What were the reason for and results of the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914?

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Reason: Americans feared Chinese immigrants would seduce white women with the drug (Opium)
Result: Similarly to Cocaine, the method of consumption for the drug was penalized, not the drug itself. This Act targeted the Chinese as this smoking was traditionally their method of consumption. Whites usually had it in liquid form.

Front 45

Reefer Madness refers to…

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a film that served as a “cautionary tale” for teens curious about marijuana. The film depicts a variety of dramatic effects taking place when high school students were persuaded to consume it.

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"purely political or economic matters became sexualized?"

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This happens because of the way in which the women and the men are depicted. Throughout the semester we have seen the way in which women have been portrayed as sexual objects pertaining to men and therefore, it has allowed society to visualize that women are not humans in the way in which men are considered. Men however have been portrayed as tough, owners, rulers. They are the possessive, the ones who are in charge and they are depicted as these strong beings that are to protect their women.

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The image above is what kind of stereotyping of Asian American women?

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4 types of stereotype of Asian Americans

Dragon Lady- Dark, cold malicious force that uses sexuality to attain her selfish goals. Origin: dowager Empress Tzu-his after Boxer Rebellion.

Lotus blossom- Chinese prostitutes brought during the California Gold Rush to serve both Chinese & White Men. (sexually compliant & submissive)

Geisha-naturally subservient like Lotus Blossom, sexualized dolls. stereotype reinforced by american servicemen returning from overseas duty.

Suzie Wong- smart, successful, sacrificing women who are integrated in white society through marriage.

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According to some cultural theorists, why would women participate in male chauvinism?

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Because the male perspective is everywhere, accessible, and gives women false power.

Front 49

What do jokes tell us and what do people find humor in?

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Jokes reveal out social ideology as well as what society values and what they don’t value. People enjoy humor that contains ridiculous groups of people whom they do not empathize with