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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Pain Relievers also known as?
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Analgesics
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What fraction of the population takes OTC medications?
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1/3
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What are the 5 most popular OTC medications with revenue?
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1. cough/cold 4 billion
2. Pain Relievers (most popular) 2.7 billion 3. Antacids 1.4 billion 4. Oral Antiseptics .8 billion 5. Laxatives .7 billion |
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T/F: The winter weather leads us to get more colds?
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false
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Why do we get more colds in the winter?
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A large portion of the population congregates in school and inside
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How much money is spent on OTC drugs in NA?
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25 billion
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How much money is spent on prescription drugs in NA?
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300 billion
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Do we use more OTC drugs or prescription drugs?
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More OTC but prescription makes a lot more money because they make the drugs more expensive
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What are indications?
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What the medicine should actually be used for
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What are counter-indications?
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types of situations where you should NOT use a particular drug (ie pregnant women or taking drugs together)
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Who is Arielle Newman?
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A famous athlete that died in 2007 by rubbing on the warming creme of Methyl Salicylate
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In the 16th century how did they treat headaches?
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They put the person's head in the oven because they thought by warming up the evil spirits in your head they could be forced out
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What is the best known pain reliever?
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Aspirin and it has longest history
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How many tablets of Aspirin are consumed per year worldwide?
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58 billion tablets
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How many papers have been written about Aspirin?
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25,000
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It is the second most popular drug to what?
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alcohol
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What tree is Aspirin associated with? What family does that tree belong to?
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Willow Tree belongs to the Salix family
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What other trees does the Salix family encompass?
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Poplar, the Beech, the Wintergreen and the Meadowsweet
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What is extracted from all the Salix family trees?
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Salicylates
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What is called oil of wintergreen?
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Methyl Salicylate (what Arielle Newman died of)
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Who used willow leaves to alleviate?
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joint pain
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When were the Sumerians experimenting with willow leaves?
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2200 BC
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What did hte Egyptians use willow leaves for?
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wound inflammation
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What did the Egyptians use to treat baldness?
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fat from snakes, lions and hippopotami
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What are effective treatments to baldness today?
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Rogaine and Proscar
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How did Hippocrates in 400 BC use the WIllow Tree?
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He used the bark to alleviate the pain of childbirth.
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Who noted "Successful treatment of patients with fever with 60 miligrams of powdered willow bark in a dram of water every 4 hours"
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Revered Edward Stone who rediscovered the potential of Willow Tree in 1763
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How did Reverend Edward Stone think of using the Willow Tree bark?
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By applying the Doctrine of Signature because the wilow trees grow in marshy, damp areas figured where people would get aches and cramps so doctrine states the bark may have something that would protect people from these problems
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Where does the Cinchona tree grow?
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In South America
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What is Cinchona bark (also known as Peruvian bark) used to treat?
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Malaria
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During 18th and 19th century what was Peruvian bark more valuable than?
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gold
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What is the active ingredient in Peruvian bark on Cinchona bark?
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Quinine for treatment of Malaria
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When was Quinine extracted?
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1829
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When did Henri Leroux extract Salicin from the Willow Bark?
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1829
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What was Salicin used for?
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to treat pain and fever
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Is salicin a pure or impure substance?
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impure
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Who purified Salicin and when?
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Rafaelle Piria in 1838 to make Salicylic Acid
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What properties does Salicylic Acid have?
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Analgesic: pain relieving
Antipyretic: lowers fever Anti-inflammatory |
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What are side effects of Salicylic Acid?
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Bitter tasting, caused severe stomach irritation
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What is Salicylic Acid also used in?
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Compound W to remove warts
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Who was the main person in developing Aspirin/when/where did he work?
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Felix Hoffman in late 19th century was chemist at Bayer company
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Why was Felix Hoffman interested in Salicylic Acid?
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His father had arthritis and he was taking it but as a side effect it irritated his stomach
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When did Felix Hoffman treat Salicylic Acid?
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1897
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Felix Hoffman did what to Salicylic Acid?
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Turned it into Acetyl Salicylic Acid to make it easier on the stomach
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Who had developed the Acetyl Salicylic Acid before Felix Hoffman but was unable to purify it?
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Karl Friedrich Gerhardt
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How many bonds does Carbon molecule form?
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4
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How did Felix Hoffman form the compound of Acetyl Salicylic Acid?
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He treated Salicylic Acid with Acetic Acid (vinegar) and condensation reaction occurs
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The technical term for Aspirin is what?
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ASA - Acetyl Salicylic Acid
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O
//C-CH3 Assuming the double bonds to the O are straight, what compound is this? |
Acetyl group. reference to lecture 2
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What is another term for the Salix family?
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Spirin
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Who is believed to the the true discoverer of Aspirin?
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Arthur Eichengrun, Jewish scientist whose contributions where suppressed by Nazis
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What else did Arthur Eichengrun discover?
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Cellulose Acetate which had huge impact on the film industry before it nitrocellulose was used which is extremely flammable and would promote cinema fires.
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What was first mass-marketed drug?
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Aspirin due to marketing contribution of Carl Duisberg
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What form was Aspirin initially as?
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a powder form
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When first marketed in US why were people drawn to it?
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Didn't taste bitter as a substitute for Salicylates
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Heroin was introduced as a cough remedy as a substitute for what?
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Morphine
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The name of Morphine comes from what?
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The god of sleep Morpheus
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Once treated what is Opium?
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Morphine
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When Morphine is reacted with Acetic Acid what does it make?
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Heroin
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What is one way to detect the production of Heroin?
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If it smells like vinegar...similar to the making of aspirin
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What did Bayer loose after WW1 (1918)?
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loss of aspirin patent allowing anyone in US to produce ASA (also lost patent Bayer name) and the name Aspirin
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In 1918 the German Bayer company was sold for how much?
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5.3 million
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In 1994 the German Bayer company purchased the American Bayer company back for how much?
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1 billion
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What form was Aspirin initially as?
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a powder form
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When first marketed in US why were people drawn to it?
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Didn't taste bitter as a substitute for Salicylates
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Heroin was introduced as a cough remedy as a substitute for what?
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Morphine
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The name of Morphine comes from what?
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The god of sleep Morpheus
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Once treated what is Opium?
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Morphine
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When Morphine is reacted with Acetic Acid what does it make?
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Heroin
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What is one way to detect the production of Heroin?
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If it smells like vinegar...similar to the making of aspirin
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What did Bayer loose after WW1 (1918)?
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loss of aspirin patent allowing anyone in US to produce ASA (also lost patent Bayer name) and the name Aspirin
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In 1918 the German Bayer company was sold for how much?
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5.3 million
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In 1994 the German Bayer company purchased the American Bayer company back for how much?
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1 billion
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What is a grain?
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Unit of measure. It is about 60 mg.
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Bayer aspirin costs 3x as much as __?
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generic ASA
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What type of pain is Aspirin very effective for?
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Muscular
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What type of pain is Aspirin not very effective for?
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Visceral pain (deep pain) such as severe stomach pains
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Why does Aspirin work well for headaches?
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Headaches are not actually deep inside the head it is the contraction of the muscles around the skull (no nerves in the brain)
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What personality times are most susceptible to pain?
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extroverts
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What hair color feels the most pain?
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blondes
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Ulf Von Euler won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1970 for discovering what?
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prostaglandin
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What is the mode of action of prostaglandins discovered by John Vane?
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Damaged cells produce Arachidonic Acid which is a precursor to Prostaglandins which go to the brain and transmit the signal to the nerves which cause you to feel pain.
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How does Aspirin work?
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It blocks the conversion of Arachidonic Acid to Prostaglandins
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What is Aspirin good at curing aside from headaches?
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heart disease
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In small doses what does Aspirin help reduce the risk of?
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heart attack
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What are the different conditions that Aspirin is most commonly used for?
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Heart Disease: 38%
Arthritis: 23% Headache: 14% Body ache: 3% Other: 14% |
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What is the minimum dosage of Aspirin that is still enough to help conditions?
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30 mg
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How does Aspirin help lower heart attack rates?
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acting to prevent formation of certain Prostaglandins
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What is the prostaglandin that Aspirin blocks that aids in clotting?
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Thromboxane A2
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What effect does Aspirin have on the blood?
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it thins it
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What do chronic aspirin users have fewer deaths from?
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colon cancer
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Why does Aspirin lower the amount of colon cancer deaths?
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it increases bleeding in your stool if you do have that cancer so people go to see doctors and this increases the chances of catching the cancer earlier
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How many years of use must one chronically use Aspirin to help reduce colon cancer incidence?
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10 years
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How many tablets per week must you take to reduce risk of colon caner and what side effect does that have? What is best way to reduce colon cancer incidence?
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14 tablets a week. Side effect of risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and best way to reduce chances is to eat lots of fruits and vegetables
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What is the number one cause of death for women?
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not breast cancer but lung cancer from smoking
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The number one cancer in women is?
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breast cancer
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What are the diseases one can acquire from too much Aspirin consumption?
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Salicylism 12-25 tablets per day. Tinnitus: ringing in the ears which often leads to suicide. Death: 20-30 tablets
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How many mg are the Children's size of Aspirin? An adult's?
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80 mg vs 325 mg
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Why do child size bottles only contain 24 aspirins?
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to prevent overdose because they taste good
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What are the three major side effects and two minor side effects of Aspirin?
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Gastric Irritations, Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulcers, Allergic Reactions, Reye Syndrome
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How many hospital admissions and how many deaths does ulcers cause?
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20,000 admissions and 3,000 deaths
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How do Aspirin exactly affect the Gastrointestinal system?
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It alters the regulation of the Prostaglandins on the acid secretion of the stomach and the protection of the stomach lining
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How do you prevent the erosion of the stomach lining from Aspirin?
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Buy buffered ASA because buffered with Antacids (a weak base) which will prevent the Aspirin from dissolving in the stomach and instead will disslve in the intestines
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What happens when Aspirin is used to treat flu or chicken pox symptoms?
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It causes an inflammation of the brain which has no place to expand. Called Reye Syndrome and often leads to death
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Why shouldn't women use Aspirin during their last 3 months of pregnancy?
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Prostaglandins promote uterine contractions so Aspirin could delay delivery.
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What is Extra Strength Aspirin?
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There is 500 mg of ASA as opposed to 325 mg. Useless because you could take 3 tablets of regular Aspirin instead of 2 extra strength
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What are Aspirin caplets?
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Tablets are circular but caplets are more "pill-shaped" so said easier to swallow
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What is Anacin?
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Contains 325 mg of ASA and 32 mg of Caffeine which may increase absorption of medications
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What affect does Caffeine have on blood essels?
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it is a vasoconstrictor so if a headache is caused by a dilation of a blood vessel so caffeine may help constrict that vessel
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What can you replace Anacin with?
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regular ASA and a quarter cup of coffee
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What does Midol contain?
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500 mg of ASA and 32 mg of caffeine
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What has the same Benzene ring structure as ASA?
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Acetaminophen
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What painkiller contains Acetaminophen?
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Tylenol
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What are the benefits of Tylenol?
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Pain relief, lowers fever,
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Why do we give Tylenol to children?
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because no association to Reye Syndrome
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Why is Tylenol less effective than ASA for prevention of heart disease?
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no acetyl group
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What is Tylenol useless for that ASA is good for?
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Won't reduce inflammation
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What is osteoarthritis?
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caused by aging and your joints wear out and start rubbing. Not associated with inflammation
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What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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an autoimmune disease and IS associated with inflammation if the region is hot then may be RA
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What pain reliever affects the liver?
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Acetaminophen
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What are the antidote to Acetaminophen that is included in the pills?
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Methionine (precursor to the enzyme Glutathione) Glutathione is an enzyme that breaks down Acetaminophen.
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Which is easier on the stomach: ASA or acetaminophen?
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Acetaminophen
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What is Excedrin?
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325 mg of Acetaminophen and 65 mg of caffeine
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Why was there a major recall of Acetaminophen tablets in 1982?
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Tylenol had no safety seal caps so a man bought a bottle of Tylenol and replace d the ingredients with Potassium Cyanide which killed people
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What is Advil?
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Ibuprofen
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What are the benefits of ibuprofen?
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pain relief (more effective than ASA or Acetaminophen) can aid in reducing cramps lowers fever lowers inflammation no association to Reye's Syndrome
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Does ibuprofen help with heart disease?
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no
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Why should people that take ASA regularly to prevent heart disease not take Ibuprofen?
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it may negate the benefits
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What is Aleve?
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Naproxen Sodium
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What are the two types of pain relievers and which ones fall under these catagories?
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NSAID: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: ASA, Ibuprofen and Naproxen Sodium. Other: Acetaminophen
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What are the 2 types of COX enzymes?
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COX 1: stomach protection
COX 2: Causes pain and inflammation |
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What does ASA do to the COX enzymes?
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It blocks both COX 1 and COX 2 enzymes so pain and inflammation is reduced but stomach protection is compromised
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What are the two drugs that inhibit the COX 2 specifically?
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Celebrex and Vioxx
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What is difference about the Celebrex molecular structure that it can only inhibit COX 2?
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It has a tail that will not allow it to bind into the COX 1 site
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What has the least about of risk in terms of heart disease?
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Naproxen Sodium
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What is the very effective pain killer but is not on the market anymore?
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Vioxx
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