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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Allergy
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any adverse reaction to a substance that is normally harmless to most people where IgE antibodies are involved
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What are antibodies
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special proteins that are produced by the body's immune system upon first encounter with a foreign agent
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can you be allergic to something the first time you encounter it?
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No
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Is the foreign agent hazardous
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No
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Hay fever can progress to what?
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Asthma
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What is atopic dermatitis?
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unusual skin ailments
can manifest itself on the scalp, face, and elbow |
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What type of cat are people more allergic to?
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Black cats
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what it Total allergy syndrome? TAS?
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when someone reacts to a very large number of substances
this results in them needing to live outside of society |
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what is TAS perceived to be caused by?
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Immune system in overdrive due to some sort of traumatic event or large scale exposure to something that is perceived to be dangerous (such as house paint)
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Why are allergies increasing?
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We're being exposed to more substances, new synthetic compounds, greater chemical exposure, information being spread faster
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What is the hygiene hypothesis?
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people are too clean, not being exposed to microbes at an early age and the immune system is under developed. It does not know how to encounter and fight invaders. Since there are less challenges the immune system focuses on foreign substances that are less dangerous than perceived
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children in day cares are...
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less likely to develop allergies because they are exposed to many more organisms. Same for people with older siblings
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What is Hay fever?
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a reaction to various pollens and is not specifically allergic to hay. Although it is still possible to develop an allergy to moldy hay
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Pollen in...
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the plant equivalent to sperm. when it is inhaled its chemical contents cause the release of substances which lead to allergic symptoms
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what are allergic symptoms?
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watery eyes, sniffling, sneezing, coughing, and itchy skin, sometimes gastric ailments, geographic tongue
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What is the most typical agent to cause hay fever?
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Ragweed
currently illegal to grow on lawns in montreal |
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What part of the animal are people allergic to?
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Proteins in the saliva found in shed hairs and sin cells
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what are dust mites?
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microscopic organisms that feed on dead skin cells
people who are allergic to dust mites are allergic to their feces. |
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What are dust mites responsible for in some cases?
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Asthma
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Doughnuts
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people developed allergies to them because dust mites were introduced into the batter
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What precent of Adults develop food allergies?
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4%
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What percent of adults develop food intolerances?
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30%
intolerances are reactions that don't involve the immune system |
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What is lactose intolerance?
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the lack of an enzyme that converts lactose into galactose and glucose
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What are intolerances that causes headaches
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tyramine in cheese, red wine
Sulfites in dried fruit, shrimp and wine Nitrates in cured meats |
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Real food allergies are caused by
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Milk, shellfish, fish, and nuts
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Peanuts are members of the___ family?
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Fabaceae (beans and pea)
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Milk allergies are...
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immune responses to proteins in the milk
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what are other allergy symptoms?
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geographic tongue, blackened discoloration under the eyes, cinnamon causes white discoloration of the tongue
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What can food allergies cause?
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gastrointestinal issues, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting
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what is yellow number #6?
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a common food dye known to cause allergies in some individuals
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why is there a higher rate of peanut allergies in North America than in Asia? (theory)
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North americans consume roasted peanuts, whereas in asia they are raw.
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what is Bamba?
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an israeli peanut snack consumed by youngsters
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what is the percentage of peanut allergies in Israel?
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0.04% (vs. 0.1% in north america)
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peanut allergies often cause...
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anaphylaxis
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anaphylaxis is due to...
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the circulatory system collapses and causes low blood pressure
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trace amounts
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can be lethal when it comes to the immune system
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allergies in bagels are often due to...
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sesame seeds
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what was added to soy beans to give it more methionine?
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gene found in brazil nuts (resulted in allergies to transgenic soy beans)
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what can bee stings result in?
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anaphylaxis, skin reactions or bronchial constriction
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what is in an epipen?
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adrenaline (epinephrine) will immediately dilate bronchial tubes and constrict blood vessels, increasing blood pressure
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what treatment is epi pen followed by?
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antihistamines (benadryl)
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an epi pen is what?
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a spring-loaded pen containing a needle and a dose of adrenaline (injected into the leg and press the button)
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what are the 2 types of contact dermatitis?
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irritant (not related to allergies), immune-system mediated (allergic type)
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what is irritant contact dermatitis?
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only to exposure to caustic or irrittating substances such as vinegar
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what is immune system mediated contact dermatitis?
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occurs only in certain people and is mediated by the immune system. occur only where there has been contact.
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what does poison ivey contain?
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Urushiol (found in japanese lacquer and poison oak tree
only way for reaction to occur is through direct exposure |
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what is the most common cause of contact dermatitis?
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nickel (found in jeans, cell phones, watches, garter belts, purses, compounds of gold)
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if you are allergic to latex, you are also allergic to...
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banana and papaya
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what is aquagenic pruritis?
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allergy to water, only towards contact with water which causes a rash. can still drink water because it only involves the skin.
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photoallergy
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when exposure to a material followed by exposure to UV light can trigger very serious reactions.
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Hannelore Kohl...
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was treated with penicillin which made her extremely sensitive to light. eventually committed suicide because she had to spend her life in darkness
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Benadryl is marketed towards...
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itch of insect bites, but can relieve many allergic reactions
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is it rare that a topical allergy will develop into anaphylaxis?
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yes, but this can happen with peanut allergies
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what are mast cells?
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cells located in our bodies that attach to antibodies. when these antibodies react with the substance, a reaction occurs which triggers degranulation.
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what is degranulation?
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tiny granules are released (histamines) which flood the blood system. this is responsible for the symptoms of allergies (vomiting, watery eyes, sneezing, coughing)
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what is swelling and inflammation caused by?
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an influx of proteins in the white blood cells
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what was filmed to realistically demonstrate the explosion of the planet krypton?
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the degranulation of a mast cell because they appear to explode as they release their stock of granules
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what are IgG antibodies?
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antibodies that are free flowing in the blood (not attached to cells)
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where do histamines exist?
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in the mast cells, preformed and ready to be released at the bindings of a substance to its IgE antibody
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in order to block reactions, you want...
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to prevent histamine from fitting into the receptor
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chlor-tripolon is....
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the first drug designed as an anti histamine. has identical fitting part as histamine but different 2nd domain which will not activate the receptor
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what is a side effect of chlor-tripolon?
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makes you drowsy
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What was the second trial of seldane
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Allegra (reappeared on the market after seldane caused irregular heartbeats when mixed with ketoconazol)
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What is the most popular ingredient found in Zyrtec and Reactine
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Cetirizine
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Claritin
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loratadine (generic name)
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Nasal decongestants for..
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localized allergic reactions
come in form of nasal spray |
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Natural Decongestants are
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Butterbur (found in Petadolex)
Stinging nettle (a plant that when touched can give you a rash but active ingredient can resolve allergies |
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What can you do if you have an allergy?
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Avoidance, antihistamine, decongestant, immunotherapy (shots)
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What is asthma?
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an allergic disease brought on by allergic exposure. it is a constriction of bronchial tubes.
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what causes asthma?
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Leukotrienes released from white blood cells
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what helps treat asthma?
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anti-leukotriennes (singulair), inhalers
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what is the generic name for singulair?
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montelukast (mont stands for montreal)
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what are the types of asthma inhalers?
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ventolin (dilates bronchial tubes, allowing for inflow of air, also a cardiac stimulant), steroid-based inhalers (anti-inflammatory effects, take this regularly to prevent inflammation), intal (comes in little glass tubes that contain liquid- put into vaporizer and take a dose)
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what do you do to test allergies?
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small samples are injected under the skin to test for inflammation, red swelling is measured with a ruler
patch testing: used to test many chemicals at the same time, many patches are put onto your back |
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what are allergy shots?
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chemically modified allergens are injected to try and prevent the allergies
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