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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lab tests for
1. lv cancer 2. lv cell injury 3. pancreatitis |
1. a-fetoprotien
2. ALT 3. amyl |
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GERD dx?
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-fx flair in lower cardiac esophageal spincter
-reflux contents, gastric acid & pepsin or bile & pancreateic juice damage espophageal mucus membrane -decreased esophgeal clearing ability *ht burn is most common |
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barretts esophagus?
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-squamous epithelium responds to acidity by undergoing a change into columnar gastric type mucosa (metaplasia)
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helicobacter pylori (HP) infection?
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-found in 70-90% w/active chronic gastritis
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chronic gastritis?
1. type b 2. type a |
1. with sour regurgitation
2. wi/out sour regurgitation |
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chronic gastritis?
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non-specific inflammation of the st
1. HP infection 2. non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs 3. stress related gastric mucosal damage 4. other factor-eg. autoimmunity xu , anemia |
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peptic ulcers?
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-gastric & duodenal uclers
1. HP infection 2. NSAIDs 3. secretory abnormalities |
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chronic gastritis s/s?
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-most asymptomatic
-epigastric pain after meal, no regularity, st fullness, belching, nausea, vomit |
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gastric ulcer?
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-25%
-epigastric pain 1-3 hrs after meal |
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duodenal ucler?
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-70%
-when st is empty, usually middle of night -pain relieved w/food & antacids |
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peptic ulcer disease s/s?
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fullness, distention, belching, sour regurgitation, dyspepsia
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chrons?
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-granulomatous disease
-affect digestive tract, often ileium SI -chronic st pain in RLQ or around umbilicus, fever, weight loss, masses, pain, bloating, nausea, vomit -lasts months to years |
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ulcerative colitis?
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-nongranulomatous
-limited to colon -more than chrons -pain LLQ, bloody/mucous diarrhea, tensemus -lasts years or decades |
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cholestrerol stones?
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-75%
-cholesterol & calcium salts -obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes |
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pigmented stones?
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-calcium bilirubinate
-chronic biliary infection, hemolysis |
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HAV
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-fecal, oral
-15-50 days -no chronic or carries -vaccination |
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HBV
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-parenteral
-48-180 days -50-10% chronic -vaccination |
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HCB
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-parenteral
-60-180 days -45% chronic -no vaccination |
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HDV
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-parenteral
-28-150 days -fulminant & chronic are common -no vaccination |
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HBV carrier?
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asymptomatic w/+ serum HBsAg lasting more than 6 months w/out increases serum ALT
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acute glomerulonephritis ?
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-acute glomerulonephritis
-involve renal glomeruli -acute nephritic syndrome -edema, hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria -good prognosis -children or young, males more than females -edema on eyelids or face -no tx |
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chronic glomerulonephritis?
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-affect renal glomeruoli, some from + 1 year of acute
-progressive, eventual chronic renal failure -edema both feet, hypertension, anemia -no tx |
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nephroitc syndrome>?
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-unknown glomerular disorders
-heavy proteinuria, edema, hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, blooduria, hypertension |
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rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
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-rapid deterioration in renal fx
-acute nephritic syndrome, renal fx rapidly deteriorates, oliguria, anuria, mod. anemia, increases BUN & serum creatinine appear |
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asyptomatic proteinuria and/or hematuria?
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-pt excrete protien less than 2 g/day & have normal renal fx
-prog. good -no tx |
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UTI?
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1. cystitis-low tract-bladder & urethra
2. pyelonephritis-upper-kds 3. stones, obstructions, regurgitation -cause normal bowel flora -cistitis cure 3 days antib -pyelonephritis cure 2 weeks antib |
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nephrolithiasis?
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-kd stones
-calcium most -uric acid 10% |
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chronic renal failure?
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-progressive & irreversible lose of renal fx
-loss of nephron mass lead to hypertrophy of remaining nephrons, progressive glomerular scleroisis |
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anterior pituitary?
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1. human growth hormone
2. thyroid stimulating 3. adrenocorticotropic 4. prolactin |
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human growth hormone?
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-+igantism, acromelgaly
-insufficiency=dwarfism |
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thyroid stimulating ?
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+TSH ademoma is very rare
-simmonds sheehans |
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adrenocorticotropic?
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+cushings
-simmonds sheehans |
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prolactin?
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abnormal secretion of mild
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post. pituitary?
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+antidiurtec hormone
-diabetes insipidus |
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thyroid gland?
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+hyper
-hypo |
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parathyroid gland?
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-may be primary or secondary
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adrenal medulla?
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secretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine
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adrenal cortex?
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1. cortisol
2. aldosterone 3. sex hormone |
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pancreatic islets?
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-xu of insulin causes diabetes mellitus leading to hypoglycemia
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diabetes mellitus?
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-most common endocrine dx
-oral glucose test, critiria is plasma glucose after 2 hrs >200mg/dl w/s/s |
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type I?
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-5-10%
-usually by age 30 -autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets w/absolute loss of insulin secreation -envir trigger |
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type II?
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90-99%
-usually adults -genetics & lifestyle -insulin restistance |
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hyperthyroidism?
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-elevated T3 T4
-most common graves |
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hypothyrdoidism?
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-xu of thyroid hormones
-infants xu cretinism, adults xu myexema -primary: 1. autoimmune rx 2. iatrogentic event 3. idoine xu 4. congenital dx -secondary: 1. hypothalmaic or pituitary dsfx |
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gout?
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-shi uric acid
-usually men 40+ -acute arthritis, deposits around joints, kd stones, hyperurecemia |
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BMI?
1. overweight 2. obesity |
1. 25-30%
2. 30-40% |
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BMI criteria?
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weight(kd)/height (M2)
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BMI?
1. women 2. men |
1. >27.3
2. >27.8 |
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BMI formula?
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1-weight/2.2 lbs=weight in (kg)
2-height (inches)x2.54, then move . over 2 spaces to the left, then square=height (m2) 3-weight (kg)/height (m2)=BMI |
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Pathology of angina does not include?
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plaque rupture or thrombosis in coronary arty
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s/s not R ht failure?
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cough & pink frothy sputum
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common cause valvular ht disease?
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sinus iachycardia
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most important dx anemia?
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hemoglobin
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not in luekemia?
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polycythenia
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reed stierberg cell can be detected in?
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hodkins
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not used to differiate ITP &HSP?
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# of neutrophils
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ITP may not cause glomerulonephritis?
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T
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pathogen pnenoccocus causes?
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lobar pnemonia
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common cardiac arrthymthmia?
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rheumatic
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which pulmonary cancer sensitive to chemo?
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small cell carcinoma
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pt head injury from auto accident 8 hrs laster pain felt in vein of R lower leg, vein harder and tender?
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emolism
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pt sob, some cough/sputum, mitral arc hear diastolic murmur, x ray enlarged latrium?
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mitral regurgitation
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pt purpura on skin, lab shows IgE level, eospinaphlis & platellets normal, protein & RBC appear in urine?
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glomerulonephritis
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s/s present only in pyelonephritis not in cystisis?
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fever, chills, lb pain
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most common to turn chronic?
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hep C
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tcm herb like steroid?
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lei gong teng
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migraine?
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trigeminal nerve results in inflammation
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migraine?
1. classic 2. common 3. complicated |
1. w/aura
2. w/out aura 3. hemiplegic, opthalmoplegic, abdominal |
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migraine?
etiology? |
genetic, endocrine-women related to menstraution, stress, hunger, fatigue, ect
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migrane s/s?
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unilateral, 10-40min, photophobia, phonophobia,
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meiners disease s/s?
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vertigo, nausea/vomiting, sweating, lbp, tinnitus, pressure in ear
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bells palsy which nerve?
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unilateral dyxfx of facial nerve #7
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bells phenomenon?
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w/attempted eye closure the globe rotates sup. presenting the sclerea inf. to the cornea
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trigeminal neuralgia which nerve branched afftected?
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more on R side, trigeminal nerve #5 is divided into 3 branches which spread to forehead, cheek & low jaw
-more more on check & jaw |
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isehmic stroke TIA S/S?
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dizziness, vertigo, syncope, confussion, falling spells, HA, dysarthria, hemiparalysis, blindness
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cerebral thrombosis?
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-25% of strokes
-athreosclerosis, hypertension -60% during sleep & s/s appear in morning, often precededed by TIA, -HA, hmiparalysis in face & extremities, weakness/heaviness in arm & leg |
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cerebral embolism?
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-15-20% of strokes
-cardiac origin, chronic fibrillation from rheumatic or atherosclerotic disease -L thrombi rupture & embolize into arterial circulation in brain -less common damaged endothelium or ulcerated plaque, cancer cells |
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intracerebral hemorrage ICH?
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20% of strokes
-hypertension & atherosclerosis, aneurysm, bld diseae -occur during emotional or physical extertion, start w/severe HA, nausea/vomit, followed by loss of consciousness -mortality rate +50%, rises w/age |
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subarachnoid hemorrhage SAH?
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-5-10% of strokes
-congenital vessel defect, hyperstnsion, atherosclerosis -hemorrhage into subarachnoid space causes severe HA, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, nuchal rigidiity, + brudzinsky sign |
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epilepsy?
1. partial seizures 2. simple partial seizures 3. complex partial S |
1. limited to focal area of cortex
2. rhythmic jerking & stiffening of body w/out conscious disturbances 3. consciousness is clearly abnormal |
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generalized seizers?
*1. generalized tonic-clonic s 2. absence s |
1. abrupt loss of consciousness w/bilateral tonic/stiffing of trunk & limbs, last 2 min, loud vocalization, cyanosis, muscle jerking, urinary incontinence, tongue & limb injuries are common
2. mainly in children, sudden momentary lapses in awarness |
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generalized seizures dx?
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history, physical exam, EEG, CT scan
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MS etiology?
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1. autoimmune rx
2. genetic influences |
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postmenopausal osteoporosis type 1?
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-decreased estrogen
-females -more -vertebral crush |
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senile osteoporosis type 2?
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-aging
-men & women -less/balanced -hip |
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RA pathogenesis?
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-unknown but related to some kind of infection & genetic factor
-autoimmune reaction -destruction of bone & cartilage, tendon sheaths, can involve any organ system |
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RA s/s?
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1. articular features-small joints, morning stiffness, swelling, pain & tenderness, progress to deformities
2. nonarticular features-subcutaneous tissue or lungs, carpal tunnel syndrome, feltys, leukopenia, sjogren |
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RA dx?
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+ test for serum rheumatic factor RF
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lupus which antibody to dx?
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anti ANA, anti DNA, anti Sm, + Le cell preparation
*antinulear antibody |
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lupus tcm herb fx?
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lei gong teng
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