Wm Path

Front 1

pathology?

Back 1

-study etiology & pathogenesis of disease

Front 2

principles of diagnosis?

Back 2

clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, specific exams, treatment-specific or symptomatic

Front 3

dx tests & procedures?

Back 3

1. clinical lab tests-concentration of various constitutes in bld, urine, other body flds
2. cytologica & histological exams
3. endoscopy-visual & biopsy
4. xray-different amount of rays absorbed by different density of tissue, low density-black, high density-white
5. test of electrical activity-ECG, EEG, EMG
6. ultra sound-different echoes
7. ct scan & mri

Front 4

ct scan?

Back 4

bone & gastrointestinal tract

Front 5

mri scan?

Back 5

abnormalities in tissue surrounded by bone, lesions in spinal cord or base of skull

Front 6

cell injury?

Back 6

hypoxia, physical, chemical agents, medicines, infection, immune rx, agian
-the consequence of cell injury depends on the type of injury, its duration/severatiiy

Front 7

types of cell injury?

Back 7

1. reversible injury-nonlethal injury like cell swelling & fatty changes, may be reversible
2. necrosis-common type of cell death after exogenous stimuli, main changes: digestion of cells by enzymes & denaturation of protein
3. apoptosis-normals cells have life span & are programmed to die naturally, changes can be physiologic (menstruation) or pathologic (viral infections)

Front 8

cellular adaptation?

Back 8

cell adapt to change in their environment to escape injury
1. atrophy-shrinkage of cells by loss of cellular substances like muscular atrophy in paralysis
2. hypertrophy:increase of size of cell, hyperplasia: increase of cell number
3. metaplasia-the type of cell is replaced by another type because of a reversible change of adaptation

Front 9

injury repair?

Back 9

1. regeneration by parenchymal cells of same type: most tissues have regenerative ability except nervous cells in brain/spinal cord
2. replaced by connective tissue or fibroplasia: process includes migration/proliferation of fibroblasts, deposition of matrix, formation of new bld vessels, maturation & organization of scar

Front 10

wound healing?

Back 10

1. primary union: such as clean surgical incision of skin, healed by original tissue in about 2 weeks
2. 2ndary union: more extensive loss of cells/tissue, abundant granulation tissue grows & large scar formation

Front 11

inflammaion?

Back 11

-a protective response to cell injury
-many infectious or non infectious factors may cause inflammation
-redness, swelling, warming pain

Front 12

acute inflammation?

Back 12

-immediate & early response to injurious agent
-vascular dilation, increased premeability, fld excudates, edema
-leukocytes migrate & perform phagocytos
-chemical mediators like pgs, histamine, ect release to make vascular dilation

Front 13

acute inflammation results?

Back 13

-complete resolution replaced by connective tissue
-abscess formation
-progression to chronic, or spread to whole body (septicemia)

Front 14

chronic inflammation causes?

Back 14

persistent infection, prolonged or recurrent exposure to inflammatory agents or autoimmune response

Front 15

morphologic patterns?

Back 15

1. serous inflammation: serous fld is derived from serum or secreted by mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, plural, & pericardial cavities, skin blister from burn or pleural infusion
2. fibrinous inflammation: with greater change of vascular permeability, larger molecules like fibrin can leak out-bact. dysentery
3. suppurative or purulent inflammation: production of large amount of pus, bact. infection produces
inflammation
4. ulcers: local defect of the surface of tissue or organ

Front 16

systemic reaction of inflammation?

Back 16

1. fever: pryogen produced from WBC in response to infection or toxic response
2. leukocytosis: usually in bact infection & leukocyopenia in virus infection

Front 17

edema?

Back 17

-accumulation of fld in interstitial tissues
-can be pitting or non-pitting
-according to the positions of fld accumulation: subcutanous edema, pulmonary edema ect

Front 18

fld balance of capillary circulation?

Back 18

fld balance between both sides of capillaries 3 factors:
1. hydrostatic pressure
2. colloid osmatic pressure
3. capillary endothelium permeability

Front 19

edema pathogenesis?

Back 19

-low plasma proteins:hepatic or renal disease, malnutrion
-increased hydrostatic pressure: congestive ht failure
-increased capillary permeabililty: inflammatory or angioneurotic edema
-lymphatic obstruction: following surgery, breast edema

Front 20

thrombus/hrombosis?

Back 20

intravascular clot/he condition of clot formation & obstruction
attached

Front 21

embolus/embolism?

Back 21

a clot detached & carried in cardiovascular system
-other substances like fat, cancer cells, ect can also become emboli/the obstruction of the bld vessel

Front 22

pathogenesis of thrombosis?

Back 22

1. endothelial injury
2. alteration in normal bld flow
3. hypercoagulation

Front 23

endothelial injury?

Back 23

may be caused by inflammation or hypertension, such as injury results in exposure of subendoththelial collagen, adhesion of platelets, activation of other clotting factors

Front 24

alteration in normal bld flow?

Back 24

stasis of bld flow can disrupt laminar flow & bring platelets into contact /endothelium & promote endothelia cell activation to stimulate clotting system, eg-thrombus formation in L atrium in mitral stenosis

Front 25

hypercoagulability?

Back 25

bld has become thicker
-genetics, surgery, labor, ect

Front 26

thrombosis effects?

Back 26

-pos: stop bleeding
-neg: cause obstruction in vessel

Front 27

embolism pathogenesis?

Back 27

1. thromboembolism: 99% of all embolie are part of dislodged thrombus
1% from
2. fat embolus: after bone fracture
3. gas bubble w/in circulation
4. amniotic fld embolism: complication of labor

Front 28

circulation of embolus?

Back 28

-movement of an embolus usually along w/bld flow in bld circulaiton
-a clot from large viens or R ht usually lodge in pulmonary trunck or its branches, which causes pulmonary embolism
-clot from L ht or large artiery

Front 29

pulmonary emolism?

Back 29

-90% emboli from deep view in low extremity
-silent when obstruction is small, medium size may result in pulmonary hemorrhae, R ht failure, sudden death

Front 30

systemic embolism?

Back 30

most from intracardiac mural thrombi, remainders from aortic anerurysms, atherosclerotic plaques
-systems depend on size of embolus & site of vessel
-s/s: cerebral thrombosis, local pain, redness, swelling, ect.
-most history of ht disease