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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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structure of eyelid and orbit?
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eyelids protect the eyes from environment, injury & light, maintain smooth corneal surface by spreading tears
-eyelid composed of outer layer of skin, loose conductive tissue -middle layer muscles=tarsal plate give them form -orbit formed by of bony walls |
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structure of extra ocular muscles?
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-eyeball moved by 6 muscles
-4 ructu= left to right and up & down -2 oblique=rotate |
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structure of conjunctiva?
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-thin transparent tissue covers outer surface
-secretes oils. moisten/lubricate |
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structure of cornea?
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-5 layers
-2/3 or eye focusing power-gives clear window to look through -no bld vessels -very sensitive, most nerves in body -tear film on surface, comprised of 3 layers: oil, water, mucous, lower layer serves as anchor & helps adhere to eye -tear layer: moisten, smooth sufrace for light to pass through, nourish, protection |
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structure of uveal tract?
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-dark brown membrane consists of bld vessels
-broken into 1. iris, 2. ciliary body, 3. choroid, 4. retina, 5. sclera, 6. lens,7. ant. chamber,8. vitreous body 9. optic nerve, 10. lacrimal apparatus |
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structure of iris?
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circular, perforated in center-pupil
-sphincter, dilator muscles -pupil determines amount of light |
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structure of ciliary body?
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-between iris & choroid
-ciliary processes -ciliary muscle -supsensory ligament |
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structure of choroid?
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-dark green membrane
-nourish the back of the eye -increase optical efficiency |
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structure of retina?
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-multi layer sensory tissue
-lines the back of eye -2 types of photoreceptors/cones & rides -import consist parts=optic nerve, macular, bld vessels |
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photoreceptors?
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-cones=central vision, bright light, color
-rods=peripheral & night vision |
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sclera?
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-firm collagensous
-wall of eye w/ retina, choroids -connected w/muscles & optic nerve |
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lens?
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-transparent tissue
-suspended by suspensory ligament -accommodation: adjust for close or distance vision |
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ant. chamber?
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-fld filled space: aqueous humor
-nourish -pressure of globe |
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vitreous body?
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-transparent colorless gel
-fills the center of eye -firmly attached to certain areas of retina -give globe form & shape |
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optic nerve?
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-transmits electrical impulse form retina to brain
-connects to back of eye |
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lacrimal apparatus?
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-lacrimal gland: the meibomian glands-oily layer, lacrimal gland-watery layer, goblet cells-mucous layer
-lacrimal passages: puncta, ducts, sac, nasal duct, throat |
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visual acuity?
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1. visual acuity-each eye is tested separately
-ask pt to cover L eye 1 -use standard chart -pt stand 5 meter from chart -acuity of vision expressed by a fraction -ask pt to wear glasses if have them -normal=20/20 -normal near vision=6 -ou=both, os=L, od=R -hyperopia=loss of near vision -myopia=loss of far vision astigmatism=loss of near & far presbyopia=loss of near vision |
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ext. eye exam?
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eyelids, globe position, eyelid margin, evert the upper lids for better view of suo. eyelid conjunctiva or " " sac
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ptosis?
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eyelids look closed
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chalazia/stye?
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infection
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pupils?
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-equal
-rounded -reactive of light & accommodation : direct light reflex & consensual light reflex |
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motility & extra acular muscles?
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-moved by 6 muscles
-four straight 2 oblique |
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opthamalomoscopic exam?
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-oothamlmoscope=mirror, optical system
-rentina, optic disc, bld vessels & macula |
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strabismus?
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eyeball of diseased eye lies in ext. or lat rotary positions
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tension of the eyeball?
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-palp, comparision w/normal eye
1. impression tonmeter 2. applanation " " 3. non-contac " " |
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glaucoma?
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-increases in intraocular pressure
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visual fields or peripheral vision?
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-limited space w/in this space all the objects can be seen
-normal visual fields nose 60, up 60, ear 100, down 75 -confromation test-compaired w/examiner -perimeters test -pathologic scotomata: primary ocular diseases caused by CNS or optic nerve lesion |
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color sense test?
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-color blindness affects both eyes
-heredity -fx of eyes are normal |
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slit lamp microscope?
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-light condensed into sharp & narrow band which traversing the parts to be examined
-senior cataracts common, easy to dx w/this test |
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hemianopsia?
tubular vision? |
1. lesion of visual pathway
2. retinal degeneration, chronic simple glaucoma |
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ext ear?
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auricle (pinna), ext auditory cana
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middle ear?
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air containing space
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inner ear?
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end organs of hearing (cochlea) & equilibrium (labyrinth), bath is contained w/in a compact bony capsule (otic capsule
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exam ear?
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otoscope or tuning fork
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auditory acuity test?
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-speak softly in ear or tuning for
-weber test=tuning fork to center of skull compares bone conduction in both ears *conductive hearing lose=sound on bad side of ear *sensorial neural lose=sound perceived in better ear -rinne test=compares air conducting hearing to bone conducting, normal air is better than bone |
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nose?
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-ext.
-nose cavity, nasal septum, concheas, sinus |
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nose fx?
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-warm/moisten incoming air
-remove inhaled particles -receive olfactory stimuli -resonating chamber |
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exam nose?
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-inspect
-test potency of naris -view septum/concheas, sinus |
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tongue?
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-upper suface & sides covered w/papillae
-taste buds located on edges |
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salivary glands?
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-3 pairs
parotiod, submandibular, sublingual |
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fx of mouth?
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-digestion, salivary amylase begins /w breakdown of starch/glycogen
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exam mouth?
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-oral cavity, mucous of mouth cavity
-uvula, tongue, tonsils, odors |
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rbc lab?
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-count is the # of rbi in a microliter of venous or capillary bld
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rbc males?
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4.6-6.2 million
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rbc females?
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4.2-5.4 million
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polycythemia?
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response to high altitude, chronic respiratory/cardiac disease, increased erythropoietin production in kd tumor
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anemia?
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decreased production of rbc such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, uremia, xu of iron, folic acid, vit b12, destruction of rbc like hemolytic anemia & bld loss
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hemoglobin lab (Hgb)?
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Hgb in grams per deciliter of bld
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hgb?
1. males 2. females |
1. 14-18
2. 12-16 |
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hgb implications?
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hgb concentrations usually are parallel to the rbc count
-establishes the presence of anemia & evaluates the effectiveness of therapy |
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hematocrit (Hct) lab?
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-volume of rbc in 100 ml of bld
-combined measure of size, capacity, # of cells present in bld -establishes the presences and severity of anemia |
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Hct range?
1. male 2. female |
1. 40-54%
2. 38-47% |
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hct implications?
1. increased 2. decreased |
1. anemia, leukemia, shi rapid intravenous fld administration
2. severe dehydration-vomit, diarrhea, diaphoresis, polycythemia vera, hemoconcentration caused by surgery, shock |
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WBC lab?
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-count wbc per volume in a sample of venous bld
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wbc adults?
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5,000-10,000 per volume
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wbc implications?
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1. leukocytosis-mild 11,000-17,000 indicated bact. infection, severe 20,000-100,000 leukemia , immature cells
2. leukopenia |
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volume of urine?
1. normal 2. polyuria 3. oliguria & anuria |
1. 1,000-2,000 ml.24hrs
2. >2,500-diabetes both, chronic pyelonephrititis, renal tubular disease 3. <500-oliguria, <100-anuria, both seen severe dehydration, ht failure, shock, acute/chronic renal failure |
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normal color urine?
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golden yellow pale to yellow to deep gold
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abnormal urine color?
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1. hematuria-bld, glomerulonephritis, uti, kd stone, uttumor
2. hemoglobinuria, dark brown, hemolysis 3. pyuria/bacturia-white cloudy, uti 4. bilirubinuria, tea colored, jaundice |
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specific gravity?
1. reference range 2. low 3. hight |
1. 1.016-1.002-normal fld intake
2. diabetes ins, chronic renal failure 2. dehydration, gloerular disease, ht failure, high fever, diabetes me |
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ph?
1. reference 2. alka 3. acid |
1. sl acid 6.5
2. uti, alkalosis 3. acidosis, fever |
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protein in urine?
1. reference 2. proteinuria |
1. <150 mg/24hrs
2. glomerular disease, pyelonephritis, mult myeloma, high fever |
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glucose urine?
1. norm 2. glucosuria |
1. -
2. diabetes me, renal glucosuria, 2nd diabetes |
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microscope urine?
1. rbc 2. wbc 3. casts |
1. glomerulonephritis, uti, stone, tumor
2. uti, tb 3. glomerular disease, A tubular necrosis, pyelonephritis |
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bld urea ntrogen (BUN) ?
1. what 2. range 3. Clinical Im |
1. indicates renal failure
2. 8-25 mg 3. elevated seen in A & C renal failure |
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serum creatine (Cr)?
1. what 2. range 3. CI |
1. indicator of renal failure, relfects balance between producation of creatine & its filtration by renal glomeruli
2. .6-1.5 mg 3. elevated in A & C renal failure |
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creatinine clearance (CCr)?
1. what 2. range 3. CI |
1. used to estimate glomerular filtration rate
2. 80-120 ml.min 3. decrease seen in A or C renal failure |
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serum alanine aminotransferase serum alanine aminotrnsferase (ALT)?
1. what 2. range 3. CI |
1. enzyme found in high concentration in lv, mild/mod in kd, myocardium, skeletal muscle, normal very low, lv injury ATL can leak, ATL increases in impairment/necorsis of lv-toxic hep
1. 1-21 U/L 3. + A viral hep, C active hep, infect mononucleosis, cirrhosis, lv cancer |
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serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
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1. high concentration in ht muscle, mod in lv, kd, pancreas, skeletal muscle, elevated found 8-12 after injury
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serologic markers viral hep?
hep b |
1. neg in both antigen/antibody: never infection
2. neg in antigen, + in antibody: previous infec or vacc 3. + in antigen/antibody: A or C infection, 4. + antigen - antibody: A infection, virus |
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serologic markers viral hep?
hep c |
anti-HCV, antibody to hep C antigen, + on 15 weeks after exposure , C infection
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amylase?
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changes starch to glucose, produced by pancreas/salivary glands, norm 25-125 u/l
-increase A pancreatits, lipase stays elevated longer than amylase |
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lipase?
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a glycoprotien changes fats to fatty acids & glycerol, source is pancrease, norm 10-130 u/l
-increase A pancreatits, lipase stays elevated longer than amylase |
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immunologic tests?
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-produced by plasma cells in bone marrow
-have antibody activity -Ig A, G, M, D, E -elev: C infect, C lv disease, lupus, R arth, lymphoma, myeloma-G A D E, allergic, parasitis- E only |
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antistreptolysin O (ASO)?
1. what 2. range 3. CI |
1. production of hemolytic streptococcus A, stimulates production of antibody in body, tests to measure serum of antibody to steptosin O
2. <400 u 3. + in strepotcoccus infect. pharyngitis, tonsilitis, rheumatic fever |
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rheumatoid factors?
1. what 2. range 3. CI |
1. production of globulins known as rheumatoid factors IgG & M, found in synovial fld in joints
2. - 3. + R art |
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antinuclear antibodies (ANA)?
1. what 2. range 3. CI |
1. imunoglobulins IgM, G, E produced in response to nuclear DNA of leukocytes, results in tissue damage
2. none 3. + 1:160 or more indicates systemic lupus erythematosus, + also seen in sclerosis, sjogrens, but ANA is lower than 1:160 |
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serologic test of AIDS?
1. what 2. range 3. CI |
1. antibodies to HIV in serum. blot test detects the viral proteins present in HIV
2. - 3. + aids pts or previous exposure to HIV, none is 100% specific, repeat test in 6 months |
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wbc lab?
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-% of different white cells including neutrophils, eosinophils, bosophyls, lymphocytes, monocytes
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abnormalities in neutrophils?
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1. neutrophilia-bact. infect, inflamm disease, tumors, drugs like steriods, leukemia
2. neutropenia-aplastic anemia, hperfx of sp, chemo, xray, radiation |
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increased eosinophis?
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-allergic rx, asthma, urticaria, parasitic disease
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increased basophils?
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rarely seen in peripheral circulation, no clinical significance
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increased lymphocytes?
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lymphocytosis seen in viral infection, measles, rubella, chicken pox, leukemia
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increased monocytes?
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infectious mononucleosis, tb
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platelet count?
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-platelets (thromocytes) per ul of venous bld
-thrombocytopenia seen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, aplastic anemia, leukemia, hyperfx of sp, lupus |
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bleeding time?
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-measures the duration of bleeding after skin incision
-hemostasis depends on rate of platelet plug formation + in pts w/ less platelet count or medication like asprin -bleeding time less than 1.5 tx of RR, possibility of shi bld during surgery |
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clotting time?
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put venous bld in test tube, observe duration of clot formation
+ in pts w/hemophilia, lv disease -routine exam for haparin, coumadin |
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
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-speed at which rbc's settle in bld. rate is related to - charge on rbc membrane. if fibrinogen/globulin are +, the - charge decreases so there is a increased rouleaux formation, ESR will speed up
+ of ESR can be seen in bact inflamm, tb, R fever, myocardial infraction, anemia, hyperglobulinemia, SLE, R arth |
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serum potassium K?
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-cation of intracellular fld. transmission of muscle/nerve impluse, acid-base balance, osmotic pressure, cellular membrane potential
-regulated by aldosterone, acid-base balance 1. hypokalemia-severe vomit, met alkalosis, aldosteronism, periotic paralysis, thiazide, diuretic therapy 2. hyperkalemia-renal failure, addisons, met acidosis |
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serum sodium Na?
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-major cation of extracellular fld
-acid/base balance, volume & osmotic pressure, muscle fx 1. hyponatremia-vomit, sweating, diuretic, congestive ht failure, renal disease, addisions 2. hypernatremia-aldosteronism |
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serum calcium Ca?
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-bones, teeth, bld cogulation, muscle contraction, hormone messengers
1. hypocalcemia-hypoparathryoidism, vit d xu, rental failure, alkalosis, hypoprotemia |
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serum phosphorus P?
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-85% bone & 10% skeletal muscle, found in tissues,
1. hypophosphatemia-hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, renal tubular acidosis, diabetes me 2. hyperphosphatemia-hypoparathyroidism, rental failure |
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serum protein?
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-composed of albumin & globulin
-A/G ratio -A produced by lv, 80% of plasma pressure, transports protein for drugs/substances -G are larger than A, found in glycoprotiens, lipoproteins, immunoglobulin, produced by lv, antibody system, clotting proteins 1. chronic hep, cirrhoisis: - A & + G, reversed A/G 2. nephroitc syndrome: -A, - or in range G 3. malnutrition: tb, tumors, hypoalbuminemia *A/G ratio; 1.5-2.5:1 |
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serum total cholesterol?
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-all the cholesterol found in various lipoproteins. lv is main organ that synthasizes/stores it, main substance for bile acid, steroids, sex hormones, vit D
-high level: atherosclerosis, stroke 1. hypercholesterolemia: atherosclerosis, diabetes me, hypothyroid 2. hypocholesterolemia: lv disease, anemia, hyperthyroid |
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serum triglycerides TG?
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-synthesized in lv, adipose tissue, SI
-provide E to skeletal/cardiac muscle + Tg seen in atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes me, nephrotic syndrome |
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plasma lipoproteins?
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-bld lipids are bound to protein
-electrophoresis is used to seperate them 1. chylomircrons: primary exogenous TG's 2. very low density lipoproteins-primary endogenous TG 3. low density " "-50% cholesterol, transport chole from lv to peripheral cells 4. high " "-remove chole from tissues & transport to lv -hyperlipidemia or hyperlipoprteinemia-genetic fx, diet, smoking, lack of exercise |
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average of HDL for est. rthe risk of CAD?
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1. men 4.97
2. women 4.44 |
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serum glucose?
*range |
-carbs digest to form glucose & fructose taken to lv where fructose is converted into glucose
-70-100 mg/dl 1. hyperglycemia: diabetes me, cushings, high sugar diet 2. hypoglycemia : insulimona, shi insuline |
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criteria for diabetes?
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>140mg/dl in fasting
>200mg/dl in random |
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oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
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-challanges the ability of pancreas to secret insulin in response to hyperglyemia & bodys response to insuline. reflexed by rise & fall of bld glucose after ingestion of glucose. used for suspision of diabetes me,
-pt take 75g of glucose after fasting then draw bld at 30 min, 1hr, 90min, 2 hr |
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OGTT reference range?
1. fasting 2. 30-90 3. 2hr |
1. norm-<115, impared >115 & <140, diab >115 & <140
2. norm <200, diab >200 3. norm <140, impared 140-200, diabe >200 |
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glycosylated hemoglobin?
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-test for long term effectiveness of diabetes therapy
-high level indicate poor diabetes control |
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serum uric acid?
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-high levels results from shi production of renal dysfx
-hyper: gout, renal failure, congestive ht failure |
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growth hormone (HG)?
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+ gigantisim, acromegaly
- dwarfism |
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prolactin?
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+ prolactinoma, stress, pregnancy, nurisng
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TSH?
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+ hypo
-hyper |
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adrenorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
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+ addisons, ademona, ectopic ACTH syndrome
- cushings, simmond-sheehans |
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thyroid hormone t4 & t3?
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+ hyper
-hypo |
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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+ hyper" ', vit d xu
- hypp " ", hypercalcemia |
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cortisol?
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+ cushings, hyperplasi,ACTH syndrome
- addisons, ACHT xu |
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estradiol?
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+ ovarian, testicular, adrenal tumors, ovarian diseae
-ovarian, pituitary, hypothalamus dysfx, post menopause |
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progesterone?
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+ ovulation, luteinizing timors, hyperlasia
-amenorrhea, toxemia of pregnancy, threatened abortion, fetal death |
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testosterone?
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+ testicular tumores, ovarian disease/tumors, adrenal tumors
-hypogondadism |
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alpha-fetoprotein AFP?
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+ primary hepatocellular carcinoma
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cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)
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breast cancer
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cancer antigen 125 (CA 125)?
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ovarian/endometrial carcinoma
-used for monitoring |
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beta-human chorionic gonadotroin (b-HCG)
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testicular cancer, uterus, ovarian
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carciembryonic antigen (CEA) ?
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most widely used tumor marker
-GI |
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cancer antigent (CA 19-9)?
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pancreatic
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prostate specific antigent (PSA)?
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prostate
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