Wk#10

Front 1

Respiratory acidosis

Back 1

excess CO2 increases H+ ion formation

Front 2

Larynx

Back 2

voice box

Front 3

Pulmonary surfactant

Back 3

permits inflation of the alveoli

Front 4

Alveoli

Back 4

air sacs of the lungs

Front 5

Respiratory alkalosis

Back 5

less CO2 decreases H+ ion formation

Front 6

Bronchial tree

Back 6

the trachea & all of the bronchial tubes

Front 7

Emphysema

Back 7

disease in which alveoli lose their elasticity

Front 8

Phrenic nerves

Back 8

motor impulses from the medulla to the diaphragm travel along these to initiate inhalation

Front 9

Pulmonary edema

Back 9

accumulation of fliud in the alveoli

Front 10

Tidal volume

Back 10

mount of air involved in one normal inhalation and exhalation

Front 11

Intrapulmonic pressure

Back 11

within the bronchial tree and the alveoli

Front 12

Glottis

Back 12

opening between the vocal cords

Front 13

Epiglottis

Back 13

prevents entry of food into the larynx

Front 14

Vital capacity

Back 14

sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve

Front 15

Soft palate

Back 15

prevents entry of food into the nasopharynx

Front 16

pneumonia

Back 16

bacterial infection of the lungs

Front 17

Parietal pressure

Back 17

value used to express the concentration of a gas in a particular site

Front 18

Interpleural pressure

Back 18

within the potential pleural space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

Front 19

Residual air

Back 19

amount of air left in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation

Front 20

Nose

Back 20

the nose is the passageway for air into & out of the respiratory tract, hairs just inside the nostrils help block the entry of dust

Front 21

Nasal septum

Back 21

separater the two nasal cavities in the skull

Front 22

Nasal mucosa

Back 22

the nasal mucosa (lining) is made of:
CILIATED EPITHELIUM

Front 23

Functions of the nasal mucosa

Back 23

1. warms the air
2. moistens the air
3. cilia sweep mucus, dust, and pathogens to the pharynx

Front 24

Receptors of the upper nasal cavities

Back 24

in the upper nasal cavities are the receptors of the sense of SMELL

Front 25

Paranasal sinuses

Back 25

1. the paranasal sinuses are air cavities that open into the nasal cavities
2. to lighten skull
3. resonance for voice

Front 26

CO2

Back 26

carbon dioxide

Front 27

CI-

Back 27

chloride ions

Front 28

H+

Back 28

hydrogen ions

Front 29

HCO-3

Back 29

bicarbonate ions

Front 30

Bones of the paranasal sinuses

Back 30

1. maxillae bones
2. frontal bones
3. sphenoid bones
4. ethmoid bones
**open into the nasal cavities**

Front 31

Ventilation

Back 31

movement of air to and from the alveoli

Front 32

Nasopharynx

Back 32

1. covered by the soft palate during swallowing
2. an air passage only
3. the adnoid is on the posterior wall
4. the eustachian tubes open into this part
5. the only part lined with ciliated epithelium

Front 33

Oropharynx

Back 33

1. an air & food passage behind the mouth
2. the palatine tonsils are on the lateral walls

Front 34

Laryngopharynx

Back 34

1. an air & food passage that opens into the larynx & esophagus
2. the swallowing reflex involves contration of the oropharynx and this part

Front 35

Upper respiratory tract

Back 35

from the pharynx, incoming air enters the larynx and then the trachea, both of which are part of the upper respiratory tract

Front 36

Functions of the larynx

Back 36

1. the larynx is an air passage between the pharynx and the trachea
2. the other function of the larynx is speaking

Front 37

Epiglottis

Back 37

the cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing

Front 38

Vocal cords

Back 38

1. two folds on either side of the glottis, 2. vibrate to produce speech sounds

Front 39

Ciliated epitheium

Back 39

sweeps mucus and pathogens upward

Front 40

Thyroid cartilage

Back 40

the largest most anterior cartilage of the larynx

Front 41

Glottis

Back 41

the air passage between the voceal cords

Front 42

Larynx (cranial nerves)

Back 42

the cranial nerves that are the motor nerves to the larynx are the:
1. vagus nerves
2. accessory nerves

Front 43

Vocal cords

Back 43

1. speech sounds are produced when the intrinsic muscles of the larynx pull the vocal cords together across the glottis
2. the vocal cords are then vibrated by exhaled air

Front 44

Trachea

Back 44

the trachea is an air passage that extens from the larynx to the primary bronchi

Front 45

C-shaped rings

Back 45

1. the tissue that forms C-shaped rings in the wall of the trachea is cartilage
2. the incomplete rings keep the trachea open
3. the tissue of the tracheal mucosa that sweeps mucus & pathogens upward is ciliated epithelium

Front 46

Bronchi

Back 46

1. the right & left bronchi are branches of the trachea
2. the secondary bronchi are within the lungs
there are TWO in the LEFT lung
and
THREE in the RIGHT lung

Front 47

Bronchioles

Back 47

the smaller branches of the broncial tree are called bronchioles, and they differ in structure from the bronchi in that there is no cartilage in their walls to keep them open

Front 48

Alveoli

Back 48

the smallest bronchioles end in the clusters of alveoli in the lungs

Front 49

Order of pathway of air through cavity

Back 49

1. Nose
2. Nasal cavities
3. Nasopharynx
4. Oropharynx
5. Laryngopharynx
6. Larynx
7. Primary bronchi
9. Secondary bronchi
10. Bronchioles
11. Alveoli

Front 50

Structures of the lower respiratory tract

Back 50

1. Primary bronchi
2. Secondary bronchi
3. Bronchioles
4. Alveoli

Front 51

Visceral pleura

Back 51

the serous membrane that is on the surface of the lungs

Front 52

Parietal pleura

Back 52

the serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

Front 53

Serous fluid

Back 53

1. the serous fluid prevents friction between the pleural membranes as the lungs expand and recoil
2. the serous fluid also keeps the pleural membranes together during breathing

Front 54

Where are the lungs located?

Back 54

1. the lungs are within the thoracic cavity and are protected from mechanical injury by the rib cage
2. medial to the lungs is the diaphragm, one of the respiratory muscles

Front 55

Lungs

Back 55

1. the indentation of the medial side of each lung is called the hilus
2. at the hilus, the primary bronchus and the pulmonary artery and veins enter the lung
3. the alveoli of the lungs are made of alveolar type I cells, they are SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM tissue

Front 56

Pulmonary capillaries

Back 56

1. the pulmonary capillaries around the alveoli are made of SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM tissue
2. the important characteristic of this tissue is that it is THIN to permit diffusion (exchange) of gases

Front 57

Tissue in the spaces between the alveoli

Back 57

1. the tissue in the spaces between the alveoli that is important for normal exhalation is elastic connective tissue
2. each alveolus is lined with a thin layer of tissue fluid that is important to permit: diffusion of gases

Front 58

Pulmonary surfactant

Back 58

1. the tissue fluid is mixed with pulmonary surfactant that decreases the surface tension of the tissue fluid and permits inflamation of the alveolus
2. surfactant is produced by: alveolar type II cells

Front 59

Two phases of movement of breathing

Back 59

1. inhalation
2. exhalation

Front 60

Respiratory centers

Back 60

the respiratory centers are located in the brain, in the:
1. medulla
2. pons

Front 61

Respiratory muscles

Back 61

1. the external & internal intercostal muscles, which are supplied by the intercostal nerves
2. the diaphragm, which is supplied y the phrenic nerves
3. contractions of the respiratory muscles produce changes in air pressure within the bronchial tree and alveoli to bring about ventilation

Front 62

Atmospheric pressure

Back 62

1. the pressure of the air around us
2. 760 mmHg at sea level

Front 63

Intrapleural pressure

Back 63

1. the pressure within the potential pleural space
2. always slightly below atomspheric pressure

Front 64

Intrapulmonic pressure

Back 64

1. the pressure in the bronchial tree and alveoli
2. fluctuates below and above atmospheric pressure during pressure

Front 65

Order of normal inhalation

Back 65

1. the medulla generates motor impulses
2. motor impulses travel along the phrenic (fren ik) & intercostal nerves
3. the diaphragm & external intercostal muscles contract
4. the chest cavity is enlarged in all directions
5. the chest wall expands the parietal pleura, which expands the visceral pleura, which in turn expands the lungs
6. intrapulmonic pressure decreases
7. air enters the lungs until intrapulmonic pressure equals atmospheric pressure

Front 66

Deep inhalation

Back 66

a deep breath (more than normal) requires a more forceful contraction of the respiratory muscles, which in turn would bring about greater expansion of the lungs

Front 67

Proper sequence of normal exhalation

Back 67

1. motor impulses from the medulla decreases
2. the diaphragm & external intercostal muscles relax
3. the chest cavity becomes smaller, and the elastic connective tissue around the alveoli recoils
4. the lungs are compressed
5. intrapulmonic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure
6. air is forced out of the lungs until intrapulmonic pressure equals atmospheric pressure

Front 68

Normal exhalation

Back 68

Normal exhalation is considered a passive process because it does not require the contraction of the respiratory muscles

Front 69

Forced exhalation

Back 69

a forced exhalation requires contraction of the internal intercostal muscles to pull the ribs down & in, or contraction of the abdominal muscles to compress the abdomonal organs and push the diaphragm upward

Front 70

Tidal volume

Back 70

in one normal inhalation and exhalation

Front 71

Vital capacity

Back 71

involved in the deepest inhalation followed by the most forceful exhalation

Front 72

Inspiratory reserve

Back 72

beyond tidal, in the deepest inhalation

Front 73

Expiratory reserve

Back 73

beyond tidal, in the most forceful exhalation

Front 74

Minute respiratory volume

Back 74

inhaled & exhaled in 1 minute

Front 75

Residual air

Back 75

remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation

Front 76

Compliance

Back 76

the expansibility of the lungs and thoracic wall

Front 77

Causes of decreased pulmonary compliance

Back 77

1. pneumonia
2. asthma
3. TB

Front 78

Causes of decreased thoracic compliance

Back 78

1. fractured ribs
2. pleurisy
3. ascites

Front 79

Normal alveolar ventilation

Back 79

Normal compliance is necessary for normal alveolar ventilation, and anything that decreases compliance increases physiologic dead space

Front 80

External respiration

Back 80

the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Front 81

Internal respiration

Back 81

the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid (cells)

Front 82

Two respiratory gases

Back 82

1. O2
2. CO2

Front 83

Inhaled air (atmosphere)

Back 83

is approximately:
21%/O2 & 0.04%/CO2

Front 84

Exhaled air

Back 84

is approximately:
16%/O2 & 4.5%/CO2

Front 85

Value of concentration

Back 85

the value that is used to express the concentration of O2 & CO2 in the air ir in the body fluids is called parietal pressure & abbreviated P

Front 86

Conchae

Back 86

functions:
1. gateway
2. filtration
3. humidifier

Front 87

Olfactory receptors

Back 87

1. upper nasal cavities
2. detect vaporized chemicals that have been inhaled

Front 88

Path through the pulmonary capillaries

Back 88

the blood that leaves the pulmonary capillaries will return to the heart and then be pumped by the left ventricle to the body