Wk 2 Ii

Front 1

Barysphere vs asthenosphere?

Back 1

Both begin beneath lithosphere, but barysphere is whole interior while asthenosphere is just section with low-viscosity peridotite

Front 2

Does the biosphere include dead animals and plants?

Back 2

Yes, all organic material and inorganic material in which life is found, by today's definition

Front 3

What is a rock?

Back 3

Heterogeneous mixture of minerals

Front 4

When is a silicon-based rock ultrabasic?

Back 4

When x(Si) < 1/7, because it is "more negative", enabling electron donation as a Lewis base

Front 5

Where do you find peridotite? Why?

Back 5

Asthenosphere, due to its melting point

Front 6

What two elements make up most of the lithosphere, and does that make sense?

Back 6

Si and O, yes - since they account for 85% of Earth's mass

Front 7

What is a metamorphic rock and how is it formed? Is it remelted?

Back 7

Formed by partial melting of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rock (and therefore remelts)

Front 8

Can a mu-oxosilicate be a monomeric silicate?

Back 8

No, these are salts of orthosilicic acid and so only have single-bonded O

Front 9

Under what conditions are gems formed, and why?

Back 9

In supercritical water, as this allows concentration of rare elements

Front 10

What is orthosilicic acid? draw it.

Back 10

Si(OH)4, Td

Front 11

What is a famous example of an amphibole, and what does its chemical structure look like?

Back 11

Tremolite, Ca2Mg5[Si8O22](OH)2, double-strand chain polymer with CaII and Mg in 8-coord sites. Looks like chain of hexagons

Front 12

What is a tectosilicate?

Back 12

3D polymer derived from quartz - "framework silicate"

Front 13

Why doesn't an olivine have a fixed chemical formula?

Back 13

Fe <eq> Mg freely, changes with the weather

Front 14

What type of chemical structure does emerald have?

Back 14

Beryl

Front 15

What is the basic sort of chemical unit in feldspars?

Back 15

K[AlSi3O8], tectosilicates

Front 16

Why in feldspars are the Si(IV) replaced by Al(III) counterbalanced by Na+ or K+, not P(V)?

Back 16

P(V) is pretty big - smaller cations can fit in the holes

Front 17

What is cement made of? Is this a nesosilicate, phyllosilicate or tectosilicate?

Back 17

[?]

Front 18

What's the effect of water on the formation of tectosilicates?

Back 18

Affects m.p.

Front 19

What's the Bowen series? Order the mesosilicates, phyllosilicates and framework silicates according to the Bowen series

Back 19

Oliver's Pyro is Amped(olivine, pyroxene, amphibole)/Anorthite, albite, oligoclase then dark/light mica, quartz

Front 20

Why is the Bowen series important? Give two reasons

Back 20

[?]

Front 21

Write down the powers of 10 for the prefixes G, T, P, E, Z, Y

Back 21

9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24

Front 22

Ground and surface waters together amount to 9.38 Zg. The flow of water to the oceans from continents is ~0.036 Zg/a. What is the residence time for water on land?

Back 22

Just divide out to give answer in "a" units: 9.38/o.o36 = 261a

Front 23

Oceans are slightly acidic or basic? What is increasing CO2 levels doing to ocean pH?

Back 23

Basic, pH=8.1. Rising CO2 brings this down

Front 24

What's the Winkler method used for?

Back 24

Calibration of modern O-sensitive electrodes in determining w(BOD)

Front 25

What quantity would you use to determine how much sewerage was in polluted water? How to measure [?]it? What method/technique?

Back 25

Kjeldahl titration - conversion of N(-III) to NH4+

Front 26

What is w(BOD) and how to measure it?

Back 26

Measure of amount of oxygen required to bio-oxidise all organic material present in a sample of water - mass ratio of amount of oxygen consumed in a biomediated oxidation of organic substance divided by mass of sample

Front 27

Draw the three main layers in a lake. How are these layers affected by season?

Back 27

Epilimnion (warm & light in summer, frozen/0C in winter), thermocline (region of rapid temperature change), hypolimnion(dense, normally colder but only 4C in winter)

Front 28

What is humus?

Back 28

Untraceable vegetable matter

Front 29

What is a prokaryote?

Back 29

Living organisms whose cells lack nuclei

Front 30

An improved chemical formula for a human is C43H285O117N7CaP. Why would you need this?

Back 30

Aquatic environment calculations

Front 31

How do we know oil and coal came from plants and/or animals?

Back 31

Presence of their molecules in deposits (GCMS shows coal from land plants, petrolem from algae and zooplankton on sea floor)

Front 32

Why do trees in the northern hemisphere produce sugars more efficiently than in the tropics?

Back 32

They form C3 (trioses) first due to lower light intensity, using overall less material for the same energy net conversion

Front 33

What is the purpose of ATP in cells?

Back 33

Storage of photosynthetic energy

Front 34

What does the word anabolic mean in "anabolic steroids"? Does that make sense?

Back 34

Synthesize molecules and new cells - growth and development (so yes)

Front 35

Could an archean organism living near a deep-sea thermal vent be a chemotroph/autotroph/what?

Back 35

No light, carbon, organics, oxygen; lithotrophic.

Front 36

Could a heterotroph also be a phototroph? Give an example.

Back 36

A photoorganotrophic organism is an example; purple nonsulfur bacteria.

Front 37

Bacteria have been recently found in solid rock miles away from sea vents several km under the earth - what 'trophs'?

Back 37

Lithotrophs